Reduce Stress With Increased Assertiveness

Reduce Stress With Increased Assertiveness Stress Management Management Techniques Print Reduce Stress With Increased Assertiveness By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on September 19, 2018 How Stress Impacts Your Health Overview Signs of Burnout Stress and Weight Gain Benefits of Exercise Stress Reduction Tips Self-Care Practices Mindful Living Thomas Barwick / Stone / Getty Images Assertiveness isnt usually thought of as a way to reduce stress, but you may be surprised by how exercising this character trait can improve your mood. What Is Assertiveness? Assertiveness is the ability to express one’s feelings and assert one’s rights while respecting the feelings and rights of others. Assertive communication is appropriately direct, open and honest, and clarifies one’s needs to the other person. Assertiveness comes naturally to some but is a skill that can be learned. People who have mastered the skill of assertiveness are able to greatly reduce the level of interpersonal conflict in their lives, thereby reducing a major source of stress. Assertiveness Compared to Other Behavior Sometimes people confuse aggressiveness with assertiveness, seeing that both types of behavior involve standing up for one’s rights and expressing one’s needs. The key difference between the two styles is that individuals behaving assertively will express themselves in ways that respect the other person. They assume the best about people, respect themselves, and think “win-win” and try to compromise. In contrast, individuals behaving aggressively will tend to employ tactics that are disrespectful, manipulative, demeaning, or abusive. They make negative assumptions about the motives of others and think in retaliatory terms, or they don’t think of the other person’s point of view at all. They win at the expense of others and create unnecessary conflict. Passive individuals don’t know how to adequately communicate their feelings and need to others. They tend to fear conflict so much that they let their needs go unmet and keep their feelings secret in order to ‘keep the peace’. They let others win while they lose out; the problem with this (which I’ll go into in more detail momentarily) is that everybody involved loses, at least to an extent. What Does Assertiveness Look Like? Here are some common scenarios, with examples of each style of behavior: Scenario A: Someone cuts in front of you at the supermarket. An aggressive response would be to assume they did it on purpose and angrily say, “Hey, jackass, no cuts!” A passive response would be to just let the person stay in front of you. An assertive response would be to assume that they may not have seen you in line and politely say, “Excuse me, but I was in line.” Scenario B: Your friend, who can be quite verbose, calls to vent about her bad day. Unfortunately, you have a lot of work to do and don’t have time to talk. An aggressive response would be to become angry that she obviously doesn’t respect your time, cut her off, and sarcastically say, “Oh, get over it! I have my own problems!” A passive response would be to let her talk for as long as she needs, and figure that your deadline can suffer; she needs your help. An assertive response would be to listen for a minute or two, then compassionately say, “Wow, it sounds like you’re having a tough day! I’d love to talk to you about it, but I don’t have the time right now. Can we talk later tonight?” Get the idea? The Benefits of Assertiveness Assertive people tend to have fewer conflicts in their dealings with others, which translates into much less stress in their lives. They get their needs metâ€"which also means less stressing over unmet needs and help others get their needs met, too. Having stronger, more supportive relationships virtually guarantees that, in a bind, they have people they can count on, which also helps with stress management, and even leads to a healthier body. In contrast, aggressiveness tends to alienate others and create unnecessary stress. Those on the receiving end of aggressive behavior tend to feel attacked and often avoid the aggressive individual, understandably. Over time, people who behave aggressively tend to have a string of failed relationships and little social support, and they don’t always understand that this is related to their own behavior. Ironically, they often feel like victims, too. Passive people aim to avoid conflict by avoiding communication about their needs and feelings, but this behavior damages relationships in the long run. They may feel like victims, but continue to avoid confrontation, becoming increasingly angry until, when they finally do say something, it comes out aggressively. The other party doesn’t even know there’s a problem until the formerly passive individual virtually explodes! This leads to hard feelings, weaker relationships, and more passivity. Become More Assertive The first step in becoming more assertive is to take an honest look at yourself and your responses, to see where you currently stand. The answers to the following questions will help clue you in: Do you have difficulty accepting constructive criticism?Do you find yourself saying ‘yes’ to requests that you should really say ‘no’ to, just to avoid disappointing people?Do you have trouble voicing a difference of opinion with others?Do people tend to feel alienated by your communication style when you do disagree with them?Do you feel attacked when someone has an opinion different from your own? If you answered yes to several of these, you may benefit from learning assertiveness skills.

Cognitive Development - 677 Words

Discussion Links to cognitive development Piaget would have expected Simon to be in the concrete operational stage. He would he expected Leah, the adult, to function in the formal operational stage. Simon, according to him should have been possessed all the previous stages as well as possess the ability to think logically about objects and events ; Achieves conservation of number and mass; and classified objects according to several features as well as able to order them in series along a single dimension such as size. The adult should have been able to think logically about abstract propositions and test hypotheses systemically, as well as become concerned with the hypothetical, the future, and ideological problems. Simon did indeed show all of Piagets requirements for his age, but he also seemed to move into eh adult phase at least with his ability to test hypotheses systematically (as when he pondered aloud what two indiscernible objects were and placed them in a catego ry that he called unknown). The fact too that he deliberately separated the fierce-looking tiger from the gentler beasts may also indicate abstract thinking. Since the experiment did not call for evidence of abstract thinking, it is unclear whether the adult would have fulfilled Piagets criterion. She certainly did though as far as the other physical conceptualizations were concerned. Limitations of the study As other scholars have noted, limitation with Piagets study include the factShow MoreRelatedCognitive Development1580 Words   |  7 PagesCognitive Development According to Piaget Cognitive development is defined as gradual orderly changes by which mental processes become more complex and sophisticated, or the scientific study of how human beings develop in certain orderly stages as they get older. The actual study of cognition refers to the process of knowing; it is the study of all mental activities related to acquiring, storing, and using knowledge (Microsoft, 2001, p.3). How we as humans develop cognitively has been thoroughlyRead MoreCognitive Development2089 Words   |  9 PagesCritically evaluate Piaget s stages of development This essay will state Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development. Cognitive development is the construction of thought processes, including remembering, problem solving, and decision-making, from childhood through  adolescence  to adulthood. Piaget’s hypothesis is that the four stages of cognitive development are; the sensorimotor stage, which ranges from birth to two years old. This essay will discuss aspects of this stage including; Object permanenceRead MoreThe Cognitive Development Of The Student1172 Words   |  5 Pagesthink about the cognitive development of the student. Two noted theorists, Piaget and Vygotsky, though they differ in their approach to cognitive development they commonly agreed that learning and development go hand in hand. Both theorists have great views, but I can relate more to Piaget. According to Georgia Department of Early Care and Learning, â€Å"Cognitive development refers to how a person perceives, thinks and gain understanding of his or her world.† Cognitive development has 5 major areasRead MoreThe Stages Of Cognitive Development1290 Words   |  6 Pagesthe first psychologist to create a study of cognitive development that researchers and scientists still use today. Piaget’s Cognitive Theory includes the four stages of cognitive development from birth to adulthood: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete operational, and Formal operational. These stages include thought, judgement, and knowledge. He made the claim that children may enter these stages at different ages, but insisted that cognitive development always follows this sequence, cannot be skippedRead MoreThe Theory Of Cognitive Development1752 Words   |  8 Pagesspecific, or sequential and elaborate. Piaget believed that cognitive development in children is contingent on four factors: biological maturation, experience with the physical environment, experience with the social environment, and equilibration. Equilibration refers t o the biological drive to produce an optimal state of equilibrium between people’s cognitive structures and their environment (Duncan, 1995) During each stage of development, people ‘s conduct themselves with certain logical internalRead MoreThree Theories of Cognitive Development1674 Words   |  7 PagesThree Theories of Cognitive Development The Swiss psychologist and philosopher Jean Piaget (1896-1980) is well-known for his work towards the cognitive sciences. Arguably one of his most important contributions involves his theory of cognitive development. In this theory, thinking progresses through four distinct stages between infancy and adulthood. Similar in scope to Piaget’s theory is Information Processing, in which human thinking is based on both mental hardware and mental software (KailRead MoreThe Four Stages Of Cognitive Development951 Words   |  4 PagesJean Piaget was the first psychologist to design a comprehensive model for the study cognitive development. This model explained how a child’s cognitive skills develop over their lifetime, which will eventually result in more of an adult way of thinking; or a more elaborate and logical way of thinking. Unlike other psychologists who were studying cognition, Piaget believed that children were not â€Å"tiny adults†, who had to eventually access a more complex way of thinking over time. Instead, he believedRead MorePsychology: Questions on Cognitive Development1557 Words   |  7 Pages__A__ 1. The briefest period of prenatal development is the: a. germinal stage b. embryonic stage c. fetal stage d. baby-making stage _C___ 2. Motor development involves the acquisition of: a. sensory abilities including hearing and taste b. reflexive movements and abilities c. the muscular control necessary for coordinated movement d. language and speech patterns necessary for communication _A___ 3. Piaget called the incorporation of new objects into existing knowledge: a. assimilation Read MoreCognitive Development And Language Development853 Words   |  4 Pagesemotional development did compare with his normative development because he demonstrated a pro-social behavior. Since Raymond and Kenta were friends and were playing together, Theo was cooperating with them and sharing ideas to come up with a game. This means that Theo could be pro-social for many reasons it is targeted at him for self-interest such as to make himself look good in front of the other two boys and to become friends with them (Steinberg, Bornstein, Vandell, Rook, 2011). Cognitive DevelopmentRead MoreCognitive Development And Development Of Thinking Across The Lifespan Essay791 Words   |  4 Pages Piaget describes Cognitive development as the development of thinking across the lifespan. He believes, that as children grow and their brains develop, and they move through multiple stages that are characterized by differences in their cognitive development. According to Piaget (1952), the first stage that any human being goes through is the schema stage, which he described as the foundation of where a child learns everything. The second stage is the transitional stage in which a child begins

The Induction Process, An Outline Essay - 1340 Words

An induction is a process for the employee to receive full understanding of the company values, principles and objectives. It is designed for new employees and employees taking a new role within the company. It helps to understand what the company expect from the employee. An induction process gives a clear view to the employee about the company and gives him all the information needed to fulfil his duty. †¢ It helps the employee to work effectively within a short time, by following the guidance given. †¢ It helps to motivate a person by giving him understandable level of knowledge to do the job. †¢ An induction process helps him to extend his skills. †¢ It gives the employee a welcoming feeling, so the employee feels valuable. †¢ It†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ The employee will be introduced to his mentor and members of the team. †¢ The line manager delegate tasks to a mentor to reduce his workload. †¢ All necessary training will be delivered to the employee on the first day to make him aware of safety in the work place. 3. First week at work. †¢ Within the first week the employee will be closely followed, coached and trained by his line manager and mentor. †¢ The employee will receive all training as required. †¢ All necessary meetings will be arranged for the employee to meet his key contacts and customers. 4. From the second week up to week twelve: †¢ The employee is coached by his line manager. †¢ More training is given. †¢ The employee has been observed and assessed. †¢ The line manager will prepare constructive feedback from the customers and key contacts. 5. End of the twelve week induction period. †¢ It is very important to review the induction program of the employee at the end. †¢ The employee will also have a chance to give his feedback, by filling in an evaluation form. †¢ We will know if an employee has enough experience to do his job. †¢ The employee will know what is expected from him. †¢ All concerns will be highlighted. †¢ A decision will be made if more training is needed. Good practise principles are followed within the induction process. To follow a good practise is to prepare a basic TO-DO list for the whole induction process.Show MoreRelatedQuestions and Answers on Companies and Employees Essay1232 Words   |  5 Pages1.1 Describe the benefits of induction By having an organised and well structured induction process there are many benefits to both the company and the new employee. From the company’s perspective it is vital that the employee integrates into the company successfully as the main aim of the company is to retain the new employee. By having a clear and concise induction process, this creates a professional first impression of the company and gives the employee a positive mindset and outlook. If a newRead MoreIntroducing a New Employee to a Company or Business Essay1126 Words   |  5 Pageswould introduce a new employee to the business through Induction this helps them work safely and effectively. This also includes existing employees how they would benefit from coaching and improve their skills within the work place. What the benefits are of completing a proper constructed introduction. The assignment is based on if we had a new member on our teams. We have to arrange for them to be inducted following the Induction process explain how its operated and what support they will receiveRead MoreA Local Trusts Policy For Induction Of Labour1429 Words   |  6 Pageslocal trusts policy for induction of labour due to a prolonged pregnancy. To begin with it will define induction of labour and outline the significance of this policy. Moving on it will look at how the policy has interpreted and delivered national drivers at a local level. It will critically analysis the key national drivers and guidelines that have influenced the local maternity service of induction of labour . It will also examine the local trust policy for induction of labour for post maturityRead MoreResourcing and Talent Planning1003 Words   |  5 Pagesplanning process. Studying this unit will enable learners to understand the factors which impact on an organisation’s resourcing and talent p lanning policy. They will learn about the relationship between recruitment and selection by identifying the key stages in each separate but related process. The benefits to the organisation of attracting and retaining a diverse workforce will be emphasised. They will be able to make a positive contribution to the recruitment and selection process by developingRead MoreKaren Robinsonilm Level 3. Understanding The Induction1412 Words   |  6 Pages Karen Robinson ILM Level 3 Understanding the induction of new staff in the workplace 13 November 2016 1. Understand the induction process 1.1 Explain the importance of effective induction Induction training is an introduction for new starters in order to enable them to do their work in a new job role within an organization. The importance of an effective induction is imperative to both employee and employer .For a new employee induction in the workplace is often the first impression of theRead MoreThe Theory Of The Acu Induction Program1288 Words   |  6 PagesThe ACU Induction Program provides a mechanism for introducing new staff members to their role and responsibilities and to the ACU Mission, culture, ethos, community, organisational structure and the legal requirements associated with employment at the University. Undertaking and completing the ACU Induction Program, including successful completion of essential online learning modules, within the first six months is a condition of employment for all new staff of ACU to whom this Policy applies. Read MoreThe Importance Of A Human Resources Function Within A Company1278 Words   |  6 Pages1.0 Terms of Reference Within this report, I will outline the reasons why it is both important and necessary to have a human resources function within a company and examine the purpose and benefits of HR management. Specifically, I will be looking at employment legislation, inductions within the workplace and the recruitment and employment process. Although it is imperative to have some kind of HR function within a business that hires staff, I will analyse the advantages and disadvantages ofRead MoreThe Revision Of Induction Program867 Words   |  4 PagesPart 1 a) Project Brief †¢ Project origins The project of the revision of induction program is aimed to improve the process of the induction program as well as the content and activities of the program to make new comers gain useful knowledge to start off their work and get a proper welcome. †¢ Benefits The new induction program is more well-structured as it provides the required content needed for new staff to know, such as the philosophies, values and culture, product and service. So, we can buildRead MorePublic Trusts Policy For Induction Of Labour786 Words   |  4 PagesThe purpose of this essay is to explore a local trusts policy for induction of labour due to a prolonged pregnancy and discuss how this has been interpreted from national drivers and then implemented at a local level. To begin with it will define induction of labour and outline the significance of this policy. Moving on it will discuss the national drivers and then look at how the policy has interpreted and delivered the national drivers at a local level. It will also discuss how national driverRead MoreHuman Resource Information System And Human Resources Management System1399 Words   |  6 Pagesneeds of a company so the system will remain flexible and relevant throughout the life of the company or enterprise 2. STAFF INDUCTION POLICY 1. Purpose and Objectives This policy sets out the SAMSUNGS’s commitment to welcoming staff who are new to UQ, and outlines the objectives of staff induction as well as the responsibilities of the parties involved in the induction process. 2. Definitions, Terms, Acronyms Head – Head of organisational unit 3. Policy Scope/Coverage This policy applies to all SAMSUNG

The Contribution in the Field of Psychology Free Essays

1-All about the contribution in the field of psychology with psychologist Sigmund Freud: As Sigmund Freud was Austrian neurologist and he was the famous founder for psychology field and that the reason, he known as Psychoanalysis and while the years of psychology he was a dominating school of concept and still quietly strong. His age was around 73-year-old and his birth date was May 6, 1856 and he died in September 23, 1939. Freud’s show with a group of therapeutic skills work on talk therapy and its useful for scheme for example dream clarification, free relationship and transference. We will write a custom essay sample on The Contribution in the Field of Psychology or any similar topic only for you Order Now The work of Sigmund Freud on psychology, as exoteric culture also used his ideas and there were topics for epitome, Freudian slips, denial and completion of unconscious wish, moreover the attitude is also used in language which used in daily routine. The great impression and famous psychologist of the twenty century, Sigmund Freud was on number three and he was popularly known as founder of psychanalysis, there was the study and theory of psychosexual development and the Id, superego ego, Free relationship and Dream clarification. Contribution in the field of psychology: There is no inquiry that Sigmund Freud had a plentiful effect on the psychology field, paying little heed to the impression of his chance. Through his work and hypothesis, he mentioned that every single change and sickness is not based on psychology. Such as, he establishes the social qualifications which effect on science and conduct. Sigmund Freud’s training and compositions added to our understanding of identity, medical psychology, human improvement, and uncommon psychology. He was the beginner of psychology school in Austria. As There were many psychologists impressed by Sigmund and his daughter. In 1896, Sigmund Freud was the one of person who used the condition of psychoanalysis. By that time his theory was showed up. The theory of normal and abnormal didn’t make by Sigmund Freud but he was the one of person who made them popular. Freud won this with the help of his theory of mental reality: id, personality, and superego. 2-I admire him and selection of him for my presentation-There are number of reasons to choose that person and admire as his popularity for psychology was the famous mandate thinker and psychologist of the twenty century and he got third position in this field. Sigmund Freud displayed the theory of personally improvement, and that controversial image structured by struggle with three fundamental ways of human brain: id, ego and superego. That is the reason, I feel that, these three formed develops as kids improving their personality, as victorious raising to adept of child and every form is important for it, moreover the timing and timetable in every develops is very necessary for kids to victoriously arrive rising adulthood. Also, with the help of his theory and work that clarify, there is no connection between mental issues with psychological reasons and individuals can get recognize personality by him or herself. 3- The psychologist Sigmund Freud and his work based on this course: In this course, we have covered Sigmund Freud adding the normal and personality. He emphasized that significant of the abnormal mind and a major expectation of Freud theory is that the unconscious brain handles the behavior to biggest degree than people are not believing. The convert unconscious mind into conscious is aim of psychanalysis: Sigmund Freud believe that there are different three levels to consciousness for epitome: precocious, conscious and unconscious. Conscious- In present time, which we are doing with active mind that called conscious and its impressed our personalities and behaviors. The ideas, feelings and memories for that we are aware (Hubbard 2018). Preconscious- Nowadays we are not aware for sudden situations or problems, but there is good thing we are able to be a conscious and get awareness to handle these problems, also for all us feelings and memories as well ideas, we cannot think consciously but still we can convert into conscious awareness (Hubbard, 2018). Unconscious- Nowadays, what activities we are doing without awareness that called unconscious and still we can influence our feelings, memories and thoughts. Our all unpleasant memories even aim and wishes that are not included in consciousness (Hubbard 2018). According to Freud’ theory and his three fundamentals which reflect our mind-id, superego and ego: – Id- when we want something like I want chocolate ice-cream and cake same time (Id). Superego- when my mind saying I do not have money for both things(superego). Ego-when ego decided that once I can have one thing another one I will buy another day. (Ego). 4- Sigmund Freud and his work related to your everyday life; Examples 1st -As according to Freud’ theory of personality, behavior and development same as my ECE field I must get information about all these things as well I can understand about child’s need and interest with that I can plan activities for them also children can improve their confidence level. 2nd -As we have different levels of mind for examples, when I am conscious for my exam I read and learn properly because my mind is aware but if I am unconscious that time I cannot ready anything for exam and same time I am thinking about other situations, however if I am preconscious , that time I can convert my mind into conscious and can work on my exact task. 3rd- According to Freud’ three fundaments id, superego and ego with this I can judge about my situation, like I want to eat pizza(id) but same time I have to buy a book for study(superego) at time my ego make me understand I do not have enough money so first I have to buy book and next time I can eat pizza(ego), its very useful for me. References Biography.com. (2017/2014, December/April 4/2). Sigmund Freud Biography. Retrieved from The Biography.com website: https://www.biography.com/people/sigmund-freud-9302400 Phillips, A. (2014). Becoming Freud: the making of a psychoanalyst. Retrieved from https://senecacollege-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=01SENC_ALMA5148410560003226;context=L;vid=01SE Hubbard, K. (2018). Psychoanalytic Approach [PowerPoint Presentation]. Retrieved from My. Seneca. How to cite The Contribution in the Field of Psychology, Papers

The Civil Rights Movement Oppressing the Black Population

Between mid 1950s and late 1960s, civil rights movements in America were at its peak. The civil rights movement was sparked by various factors that undermined and oppressed the black population. As a matter of fact, blacks were treated like half citizens, and they had no right to complain.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Civil Rights Movement: Oppressing the Black Population specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, the South had devoted their energy in stabilizing and perfecting the Jim Crow ideology that required blacks to be segregated and separated from the white people. As a result, there was the lack of decent education, poor jobs and rampant poverty among the blacks. In response, the black citizen resorted to fighting for his rights; thus, the rise of the civil rights movement. During this era, there were key events that eventually led to a breakthrough in the fight for civil rights. Some of these events are described briefly in the following paragraphs. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was a spokesman for African Americans in the struggle for equal rights during the era. However, King received stern opposition from whites such as Governor George who was the symbol for opposition to racial interlink. King asserted that civil rights movement was more of a human rights movement than just a movement for black rights. According to King and other Black leaders, as long as Blacks were denied their full rights America could not be free. Under his leadership, key events such as the Brown vs. Board of Education case, the Montgomery Bus Boycott, and the 1960s Sit-Ins gained momentum. Overwhelmed by the poor quality of their school, students at Moton High School resorted to taking the matter to court (Robinson, 2005). The main cause of poor education facilities in the African American schools was the segregation laws. In 1954, the Supreme Court declared its verdict that segregation of White and Black Schools was unconstitutional (Robinson, 2005). As a result, segregation was phased out of schools and Black children had the right to attend white schools and receive a quality education. This key event enabled all citizens to explore education to the highest level regardless of race or color.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another key event is the Montgomery Bus Boycott that took place between 1956 and 1957. According to the segregation rules in public transport vehicles, Blacks were supposed to leave their seats for white travelers (The Henry Ford, 2002). In 1955, however, a lady called Rosa Parks refused to leave her seat for a white traveler and was fined by the court of law for misconduct. â€Å"Thereafter, fifty Black leaders organized a â€Å"Montgomery Bus Boycott† to demand a more humane transport system† (The Henry Ford, 2002). 381 days later, a federa l court ordered the buses to drop the rules and allow for equal rights of travel. Martin Luther King participated in this boycott that resulted in equality among all Montgomery users. â€Å"In another scenario (1960), four college students organized a sit-in in a lunch counter to protest Woolworth’s idea of excluding Blacks† (Cozzens, 1998). The students had bought some goods in other areas of the store, kept the receipts and during the lunch hour they asked to be served. The students were not served; hence, they produced their receipts and demanded to know why they make decisions against them. Since then, Sit-Ins became rampant in several states and the message was effectively delivered. This trend led to the creation of student committees that eventually led to the freedom rides in 1961(Cozzens, 1998). In conclusion, these key events helped to reinforce the African American struggle for equal right rights, and finally, the light was found. References Cozzens, L. (199 8). Sit-Ins. Retrieved from the Waston.org Website: http://www.watson.org/~lisa/blackhistory/civilrights-55-65/sit-ins.html Robinson, S. (2005). Brown vs. Board of Education. Web. The Henry Ford. (2002). The Story Behind the Bus. Retrieved from Thehenryford Website: https://www.thehenryford.org/explore/stories-of-innovation/what-if/rosa-parks/Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Civil Rights Movement: Oppressing the Black Population specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on The Civil Rights Movement: Oppressing the Black Population was written and submitted by user Graysen Floyd to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Sports Event Management

Sports Event Management Introduction Within the past decade there has been an unprecedented demand to host major sporting events by several of the worlds most prominent cities. This is due to such events fulfilling certain multis of project management endeavors can be seen in the promotion of a particular product utilizing a new branding strategy, the creation of a new product line for a company or actions which focus on creating a greater sense of public awareness of the companys adherence to Corporate Social Responsibility (i.e. charity work or replacing new equipment to comply with environmental regulations). It must also be noted that project management is often constrained by factors related to scope, time and cost and as such it is the goal of all project managers to implement a process that takes these limitations into consideration in order to create a high quality outcome that fits within such constraints.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Sports Event Management spec ifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In summary it can be stated that project management is a step by step procedure utilized in order to accomplish a goal within the scope, time and cost limitations imposed upon the process being implemented by the project manager. Event Management The discipline of event management came about as direct result of the proliferation of large and small events occurring at the local level and the need to implement proper management procedures to ensure their success (Adams and Thomas, 2005: 100). On the other hand Adams and Thomas (2005) note that as a professional discipline events management is still in its infancy and state that there is no overarching process drawing all the different functions or activities of event management together despite the proliferation of text books, trade publications and community programs (Adams and Thomas, 2005: 100). Despite this the event industry is still one of the largest employe rs in the world and actually contributes towards positive economic impacts for local communities. What must be understood is that the way in which an organization chooses to handle a particular event is known as events management and is composed of organizational objectives spanning factors such as: organizing funding, managing staff, assigning roles and responsibilities, marketing and public relations, ticketing, security etc. (Kose, Argan and Argan, 2011: 2) As Kose, Argan and Argan (2011) state The linkages between the various departments within the organization required to handle events and the flow of this information between them is the focus of event management (Kose, Argan and Argan, 2011: 2). It is based on this that the practice of events management can be summarized as a way in which organizations implement guiding practices so as to influence the flow of activities, events and people within a particular venue to ensure smooth methods of operation and a successful climate for socialization, presentation and observation.Advertising Looking for dissertation on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Relations between Project management and Event management As the number, size and complexity of special events have increased within the past three decades it has become increasingly apparent that proper management and planning efforts are needed in order to make such events a success. In fact it is not uncommon for business events, such as professional conferences, to attract 5,000 or more attendees with sporting events drawing in people by the thousands as well. This creates simultaneous problems in the form of crowd and traffic control, proper scheduling, ticketing and overall organization which needs to be addressed otherwise the entire event will descend into chaos. While the discipline of event management has been utilized as of late to address this need the fact still remains that it is still in the process of developing a sufficient body of knowledge to be recognized as a profession. As Adams and Thomas (2005) indicate there is a need for an overarching process in its develo pment and as such this is where the discipline of project management enters the picture. By utilizing the body of knowledge of project management as a guide for development the field of event management has quickly developed into a profession by using the project management model as the basis for its management practices. Adams and Thomas (2005) pursue this particular line of reasoning by indicating that while special events form an industry specific group the fact still remains that they are still projects and function as projects (Adams and Thomas, 2005: 113). In fact Adams and Thomas (2005) compare special event management practices as being derived from project management practices with components currently utilized in event processes being a mixture of both project management and event management disciplines (Adams and Thomas, 2005: 111). Further evidence of this can be seen in a comparison of the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) with that of the special events mana gement practices from the work of OToole examined by Adams and Thomas (2005). PMBOK defines an average project life cycle as consisting of the following five processes: an initiation process which authorizes the project or plan, a planning process that defines and refines objectives which allows the best of alternative courses of action to be attained, an executing process involves carrying out the plan using the resources allocated, a controlling process which monitors and measures project progress regularly to ensure appropriate corrective action can be taken when necessary, and a closing process which involves a formal acceptance of project completion and the termination of any contracts† (Adams and Thomas, 2005: 107). In comparison 6 of the 13 special event management processes consisting of: scope, time, communication, human resources, risk and procurement are virtually identical to the project management knowledge areas indicated in PMBOK. Not only that the seven other e vent management processes describe by OToole which were examined by Adams and Thomas (2005) comprising of: finance, design, stakeholder, site choice, sponsorship, marketing and deadline while not identical to PMBOK knowledge areas can actually be found within several existing PMBOK processes (Adams and Thomas, 2004: 112). It is based on this that it can be seen the relationship between project management and event management is a cos of this can be seen in problems that may occur in sufficiently coordinating and controlling the crowd of people going in and out of the venue, the possibility of long lines at the restrooms or even unruly crowds during the event itself (Walker, Heere, Parent, and Drane 2010: 659 680). As such these present numerous risks to the event that need to be dealt with in order to ensure its success. Conceptual understanding about successful management of sport event Based on the various factors presented in can be seen that the successful management of a sport ing event is based on minimizing challenges and risks that occur at the onset and during the event while ensuring that there is a sufficient logistical infrastructure in place in order to ensure proper organizational efficiency (Riggs, Epting, Hanky, and Knowles, 2011: 299 204). It was seen that sports event management is not limited to dealing with creating the event alone but also needs to take into account positive relations with the local community in order to get any major sports event underway. This involves having to implement marketing and media relations in order to portray the positive aspects of a sporting event and how it will not detrimentally impact members of the local community and in fact will be a boon to them. Also, while it may be true that a sporting event does create a distinct positive economic impact with local businesses the fact remains that it should be profitable venture for the organizers as well. Taking this into consideration it is often necessary to create links with local government and private companies to share in the burden of managing and initially funding the event so as to ensure that there is a sufficient monetary and organizational structure behind the event itself. What must also be taken into consideration is the fact that a sports event can be considered as a form of project and as such it is constrained by factors related to scope, time and cost. As such taking such limitations into consideration it is necessary to implement an backbone logistical structure so as to ensure that there is an organized method behind the operations of the sports event management team. This is done by first implementing SMART goals, creating a logistical overlay of what is necessary for each department, separating staff into individual teams and giving each team their own aspect of the event to be responsible for. By ensuring that each team complies with their given instruction this creates an effective means of ensuring that the sporti ng event can become a success. On the other hand it is also equally important to note that managing a sporting event is not limited to creating the event itself but ensuring that it has a positive impact on the participants and spectators as well. This involves implementing positive atmospherics during the event so as to create an effective visual stimulation for players and audiences a like. Reference List Appelbaum, S, Adeland, E and Harris, J, 2005. Management of Sports Facilities: Stress and Terrorism Since 9/11. Management Research Review, 28, 69 82. Chadwick, S, 2009. 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Journal of  business strategy, 29, 36 43. Hsu, C, 2010. The effects of lighting quality on visual perception at sports events: a managerial perspective. International Journal of Management, 27, 693 777. Kim, J, N.I.. The worth of sport event sponsorship: an event study. Journal of  Management and Marketing Research, N.I., 1 14. Kose, H, Argan, M and Argan, M, N.I.. Special event management and event marketing: A case st udy of TKBL all star 2011 in Turkey. Journal of Management and  Marketing Research Special event management, Page 1 Special event  management and event marketing: A case study, N.I., 1 11. Kostuk, K, 1997. A decision support system for a large, multi-event tournament. INFOR, 35, 183 196. Minis, I, Paraschi, M and Tzimourtas, A, 2006. The design of logistics operations for the Olympic Games. International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics  Management, 36, 621 642. Nichols, G and Ojala, E, 2009. 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How to Use $_SERVER in PHP

How to Use $_SERVER in PHP $_SERVER is one of the PHP global variables- termed Superglobals- which contain information about server and execution environments. These are pre-defined variables so they are always accessible from any class, function or file. The entries here are recognized by web servers, but there is no guarantee that each web server recognizes every Superglobal. These three PHP $_SERVER arrays all behave in similar ways- they return information about the file in use. When exposed to different scenarios, in some cases they behave differently. These examples may help you decide which is best for what you need. A full list of $_SERVER arrays is available at the PHP website. $_SERVER[PHP_SELF] PHP_SELF is the name of the currently executing script. yoursite.com/example/ /example/index.phpyoursite.com/example/index.php   /example/index.phpyoursite.com/example/index.php?atest   /example/index.phpyoursite.com/example/index.php/dir/test   /dir/test When you use $_SERVER[’PHP_SELF’], it returns the file name /example/index.php both with and without the file name typed in the URL. When variables are appended at the end, they were truncated and again /example/index.php was returned. The only version that produced a different result has directories appended after the file name. In that case, it returned those directories. $_SERVER[REQUEST_URI] REQUEST_URI refers to the URI given to access a page. yoursite.com/example/   /yoursite.com/example/index.php   /example/index.phpyoursite.com/example/index.php?atest   /example/index.php?atestyoursite.com/example/index.php/dir/test   /example/index.php/dir/test All of these examples returned exactly what was entered for the URL. It returned a plain /, the file name, the variables, and the appended directories, all just as they were entered. $_SERVER[SCRIPT_NAME] SCRIPT_NAME is the current scripts path. This comes in handy for pages that need to point to themselves. yoursite.com/example/   /example/index.phpyoursite.com/example/index.php   /example/index.phpyoursite.com/example/index.php?atest   /example/index.phpyoursite.com/example/index.php/dir/test   /example/index.php All cases here returned only the file name /example/index.php regardless of whether it was typed, not typed, or anything was appended to it.