The History of Tobacco and How It Effects Our Lives Essay

Tobacco The word tobacco was originally derived from Tabaco, the Spanish word for taino (Carson 1). In the first century, American Indians began using tobacco in many ways, including religion and medicine (â€Å"History of Tobacco† 1). Taino was what the Natives in America called tobacco rolls. When Columbus arrived in the West Indies, he found inhabitants smoking rolls of tobacco, called taino (Carson 1). He was offered dried tobacco leaves as a gift from the natives (â€Å"History of Tobacco† 1). The natives believed that ‘drinking smoke’, or the act of smoking taino, was relaxing. Columbus took seeds from the tobacco plants and the Spanish colonies began cultivating the plant in large quantities. The first time tobacco was commercially†¦show more content†¦Pro-tobacco marketing more than doubles the chances of teens to start smoking (â€Å"Tobacco Industry Marketing† 2). Since millions of people smoke, many teams perceive it as an act th at is not harmful. Also, many teens consider smoking an act of rebellion; a way to get back at someone or something (Ayer 15-17). About 23 percent of all high school students currently smoke. About 80 percent of adult smokers started smoking before their 18th birthday, and 4,000 teens try smoking for the first time a day. Of these 4,000 teens, around 1,000 of them will become regular smokers (â€Å"Nicotine Dependence Center† 5). False advertising to minors implies that it is possible to quit smoking at any given time (Tobacco Industry Marketing† 2). Since the bodies of teens are still growing, tobacco is the most harmful to them (Ayer 22). Smoking at an earlier age also makes it harder for teens to quit (â€Å"Tobacco Industry Marketing† 1). As the American Lung Association explains, â€Å"†¦ tobacco company marketing efforts are largely occurring without an effective, well-funded state tobacco control program to respond† (1). Throughout the years, m en have been advertised cigarettes in many different ways. In the last 100 years, tobacco has been socially promoted through media such as movies, television, and advertisement (Carson 3). Although not all tobacco advertisements are unethical, adsShow MoreRelatedEssay Cash Crop: The Silent Killer847 Words   |  4 Pagesbecome the root of all evil in our society. Money actually propagates inequality because of the selfishness it promotes in humanity. Tobacco Companies’ love of money causes them to continue to promote and sell tobacco products even though these products are excessively harmful to their customers. During advertising campaigns, tobacco advertisers research people most likely to use their product and target that audience by mentioning the positives of using tobacco. Tobacco companies attempt to sell theirRead MoreWhy Marijuana Should Be Legalized Essay1605 Words   |  7 PagesTable of Contents I. Introduction to Cannabis II. 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During myRead MoreAnalysis Of Wolfgang Schivelbuschs Tastes Of Paradise1075 Words   |  5 PagesIn this book, Tastes of Paradise, Wolfgang Schivelbusch, takes us through the history of the most familiar substances used in the central ages such as tobacco, tea, alcohol, opium, coffee and chocolate. Schivelb usch talks about how those substances have been first introduce to the Western nations and the way they have become acquainted and how they affected the festive shape of these international locations. It doesn’t really talk about the substances themselves, but instead their conversable relyRead More Using Nazi Tactics Against Smokers936 Words   |  4 Pagesmarriages during the 1920s one of the spouses was Gentile. During World War I, Jewish-American publications were investigated and prosecuted by the U.S. Government for writing favorably about Germany, a nation at war with the U.S. Much of German history has been one of racial toleration. This is partially seen by their anti-slavery positions in Brazil and the United States. In the United States, Germans had a large hand in assisting runaway slaves by way of the underground railroad. Germans alsoRead MoreMarijuana Legalization Argumentative Essay1060 Words   |  5 Pagesproduction and possession of marijuana had been outlawed throughout the United States, causing a prohibition that is still in effect 80 years later. Since then, the world has seen the violent rise of drug cartels and the high price of fighting illegal marijuana use (Narconon). Marijuana should be legalized because significant research shows that legalization will benefit our society socially and economically. In the perspective of Americas war on drugs, marijuana is one of the biggest enemies. NotRead Moreâ€Å"Cigarettes† A Death Product of Tobacco Industry should be Banned1544 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Cigarettes† A Death Product of Tobacco Industry should be Banned In the present age smoking cigarettes has emerged out as a fashion, especially in our teenagers. Quiet often, a boy or a girl can be seen puffing around on streets proudly. Their parents try their best to refrain them, yet all in vain. They are unaware of the possibility that most will find it very hard to give up this addiction. Alike the young, adults smoke far too often for a reasonable human being, indifferent to the consequencesRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1315 Words   |  6 Pagesstates while alcohol and tobacco continues to claim thousands of lives every year (n.d). Don’t get the wrong idea, this is not to persuade you into thinking that smoking weed or eating a marijuana brownie does not have its disadvantages. However the idea is to get you to understand and see that smoking marijuana is no difference than choosing to smoke tobacco or drink alcohol. Why have marijuana been labeled such a bad drug when the effects of the available and legal tobacco and alco hol, continuesRead MoreGlobalization And The Global Tobacco Industry1634 Words   |  7 PagesAuthor Peter Benson’s ethnography Tobacco Capitalism: Growers, Migrant Workers, and the Changing Face of a Global Industry, provides and extensive examination into the lives of tobacco famers residing in North Carolina and the global tobacco industry as it undergoes profound changes though facets such as globalization, industrialization, the anti-tobacco movement, and debates over immigration. The seventh most valuable agricultural commodity in the United States; tobacco is a $1.5 billion dollar industryRead MoreCigarette Smoking Should Not Be Banned1528 Words   |  7 PagesShould cigarette smoking be banned for everyone in the United States? Why? Why not? Should those who chose their time smoking to relieve stress, personal enjoyment, or simply just because, have to lose their right to what makes them happy? Smoking tobacco products has been around for decades and in many differe nt forms. Should personal rights be pushed aside to please those around us that disagree with the so called â€Å"disgusting habit†? In the paper The Washington Times an article caught my interest

Essay on Marketing Strategies Free Essays

http://www. intel. com/jobs/careers/marketing/ http://blog. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay on Marketing Strategies or any similar topic only for you Order Now hubspot. com/blog/tabid/6307/bid/5256/Sales-Vs-Marketing-Whose-Job-is-it-to-Generate-Leads. aspx Content:  The decision content includes market opportunity analysis, brand development, advertising, pricing and basic sales force management decisions. It also includes a simplified profit analysis. Decisions by Quarter Quarter 1: Setup your company, evaluate market opportunities and prepare for test market. †¢ Determine desired image of company Designate a company name †¢ Analyze market opportunities—evaluate segments, geographic markets, and potential competition – Evaluate market survey results in End User Profile †¢ Establish corporate goals and strategic direction – Select target segment – Establish strategic direction †¢ Select test markets – Open sales office Quarter 2: Go to market to test your strategy and market assumptions. †¢ Create customer value—match components to benefits desired (quality function deplo yment (QFD)) – Design 1 or 2 brands Marketing strategy—evaluate tactical options and choose marketing mix – Brand price – Price promotions – Sales priority †¢ Develop media plan and budget—ad copy design, media selection, and ad frequency – Place advertisements in media †¢ Sales force management—number employed, and training – Hire salespeople assign to service or target segments – Open new sales office (optional) Quarter 3: Evaluate test market performance and revise your strategy, become a learning organization. †¢ Evaluate performance – Financial performance—profitability analysis Market performance—customer opinion of brand designs, prices, advertising, and sales force – Competitor tactics—segments targeted and selection of marketing tactics †¢ Revise marketing tactics as needed and continue test marketing Quarter 4: Evaluate your position in the market an d adjust your strategy. †¢ Evaluate performance – Financial performance—profitability analysis – Market performance—customer opinion of brand designs, prices, advertising, and sales force – Competitor tactics—segments targeted and selection of marketing tactics †¢ Adjust strategy—make incremental changes in tactics use activity based costing (ABC) to evaluate profitability of brands – evaluate profitability of division – conduct demand analysis to estimate brand, price, advertising, and sales force elasticity Quarter 5: Monitor, improve, and execute. †¢ Evaluate performance – Financial performance—profitability analysis – Market performance—customer opinion of brand designs, prices, advertising, and sales force – Competitor tactics—segments targeted and selection of marketing tactics †¢ Skillfully adjust strategy †¢ Improve brands, pricing, and sales forc e Quarter 6: Monitor, improve, and execute (continue). †¢ Manage strategy †¢ Skillfully adjust strategy to unanticipated competitive moves †¢ Continuously improve brand features, pricing, and sales force Final Quarter: Report to the board. †¢ Evaluation of financial and market performance †¢ Review of business – Comparison of actions taken against your marketing goals – Review of significant events that affected the company and/or market †¢ Assessment of current situation and market (Also, how is the current market different than it was in the early quarters? ) – Customers Competition – Company strengths and weaknesses – Major problems/opportunities to be dealt with in next year http://marketing. about. com/ Marketing  Careers By  Laura Lake, About. com Guide A career in marketing can take you in several different directions. Marketing is comprised of many facets and activities. You will find that there are many oppor tunities in marketing, is there a career path that is right for you? Explore the different career opportunities and decide which one fits you best. 1. Overview of Careers in Marketing 2. Careers in Advertising 3. Careers in Brand Management . Careers in Market Research 5. Careers in Public Relations Overview of Careers in Marketing There are many options to careers in marketing, but how do you know which one is right for you? Marketing can be defined as being the intermediary function between product development and sales. Think of it as the storehouse for such things as advertising, public relations, media planning, sales strategy, and more. It’s the marketing professionals job to create, manage, and enhance brands. †¢ Breaking Into the Career Field of Marketing †¢ Marketing vs. Advertising: What’s the Difference? How Do You Know if a Marketing Career is Right for You? Ads Careers in Advertising In Advertising you will work with all aspects of marketing from strategy to concept to the execution of the strategy. You will find that most jobs on the business side of advertising include Account Management, Account Planners, and Media Buyers. †¢ Advertising Manager †¢ Advertising Sales Director †¢ Account Executive †¢ Account Coordinator †¢ Media Director †¢ Media Coordinator †¢ Media Buyer Careers in Brand Management Brand management is the career track you hear about most often. It is the key function in the consumer products industry. Brand managers are often likened to small business owners because they assume responsibility for a brand or brand family. They are always focused on the big picture. It is their job to distill the brand’s essence, map out their competitors in their brand’s category, identify marketing opportunities, and be able to effectively communicate the unique benefits of that product or service. †¢ Brand Manager †¢ Product Manager †¢ Product Development Manager Careers in Market Research Market Research involves researching the intended target. That target can be companies or individuals. In order for a company to capture a market it must first be able to understand that market. Research involves the first process of understanding the consumer, what their needs are, what their purchasing habits are, and how they view themselves in relation to the rest of the world. †¢ Market Research Director †¢ Market Research Manager †¢ Market Research Supervisor †¢ Market Analyst Careers in Public Relations It is the responsibility of the Public relations department to manage the communication with the media, consumers, employees, investors, and the general public. They are considered the spokespeople for the company. They will often write press releases to promote new products or to keep the investment community informed of business partnerships, financial results, or other company news. If they are based out of media relations they will spend their time responding to information requests from journalist or pitch stories to the media. †¢ Public Relations Specialist †¢ Public Relations Director †¢ Corporate Communications Manager †¢ Book Publicist †¢ Press Secretary How to cite Essay on Marketing Strategies, Essay examples

Post Plowden Legacy Essay Example For Students

Post Plowden Legacy Essay FOUNDATION COURSE THEMES BAES Year 1Subject: Primary Education Post Plowden LegacyTutor: Alastair HorburyAssignment: Critique of given text Chapter 6, Pupils at Work.Due: Mon 14 Nov 94INTRODUCTIONThe task assigned was to read all six chapters provided, select one and produce a critique on the subject matter. The chapter selected was number six which analysed pupils and work.Firstly I wish to briefly summarise the entire chapter, highlighting the areas which I considered to be the most important, these areas will then be examined in depth and their merits or shortcomings discussed. Firstly a summary of the chapter is needed to put into context the areas that will be discussed later. The whole chapter can be split into two main areas of discourse:- relationships and work and negotiation. As there has been little research into pupils approaches to schoolwork, the authors chief concern is that of the pupils perceptions of , and approaches to, schoolwork, and the first point s/he makes is that there are differences between teachers and pupils ideas of what constitutes worthwhile work. The author sets out to define the meaning of work and in doing so draws our attention to differences between pleasurable work and labour. Workmanship, it is argued, has been replaced by unskilled labour and people now work as a means to an end seeking enjoyment through other avenues such as hobbies and recreation.Teaching methods and school ethos in general are seen as outmoded and alien to the cultural and social influences on pupils. Therefore, there is greater responsibility on the teacher to make work seem more utilitarian and attractive. Research revealed that many pupils felt that work was pointless and invalid unless it was undertaken in preparation for forthcoming exams. However, w ork that may be deemed pointless or onerous by both sets of pupils (exam and non-exam) could be given validity by the teaching strategy employed. Pupils seemed to be more concerned with the status of the work and their personal relationship with the teacher, therefore the pupil reaction to any given task depended heavily on these two criteria. It is identified that pupil-teacher relationships are extremely important and they contain many concealed aspects which will be discussed in Part 1. A prevalent feature of pupil-teacher relationships is the negotiation that takes place and teachers will offer incentives to pupils in order to encourage the process of work. It is interesting to look at the way in which teachers can utilise their experience and maturity to manipulate or cajole pupils into performing a given task, and this will be examined in Part 2. PART 1 RELATIONSHIPS WORKThe first key issue in this chapter that I wish to examine is that of pupil relationships with teachers, and how they affect classroom behaviour and the amount of work produced. I mentioned earlier that because of deep-rooted cultural influences many adults regard work to hold little or no satisfaction, and this notion permeates through to their children. This notion combined with pupils own perception of themselves as having to be forced to work creates an arduous environment for the teacher. However, it must be said that work that is found unpleasurable to pupils is often that of the purely academic type which does not permit any creative license. Although academic work is of far more value, teachers often find themselves having to offer incentives or punishment in order to motivate pupils whereas the work with little or no academic value is seen, generally, as enjoyable i.e games and arts. The author places great emphasis on trust. S/he asserts that many children cannot foresee the long-term advantages of doing work in schools and that many simply believe or disbelieve the teacher when s/he says it will be of benefit.. The point made may be valid but perhaps only in primary schools. I propose that in todays secondary school this idea has very little bearing and children are now more acutely aware than ever before of social and econ omic factors that dictate the need to do well in school. In some respects certain aspects of the authors argument are negated, those pupils who can foresee the need to do well have their own motivation, and negotiation and relationships are less important. .u74456b12668127730dd2e9c1c8f129b5 , .u74456b12668127730dd2e9c1c8f129b5 .postImageUrl , .u74456b12668127730dd2e9c1c8f129b5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u74456b12668127730dd2e9c1c8f129b5 , .u74456b12668127730dd2e9c1c8f129b5:hover , .u74456b12668127730dd2e9c1c8f129b5:visited , .u74456b12668127730dd2e9c1c8f129b5:active { border:0!important; } .u74456b12668127730dd2e9c1c8f129b5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u74456b12668127730dd2e9c1c8f129b5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u74456b12668127730dd2e9c1c8f129b5:active , .u74456b12668127730dd2e9c1c8f129b5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u74456b12668127730dd2e9c1c8f129b5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u74456b12668127730dd2e9c1c8f129b5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u74456b12668127730dd2e9c1c8f129b5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u74456b12668127730dd2e9c1c8f129b5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u74456b12668127730dd2e9c1c8f129b5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u74456b12668127730dd2e9c1c8f129b5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u74456b12668127730dd2e9c1c8f129b5 .u74456b12668127730dd2e9c1c8f129b5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u74456b12668127730dd2e9c1c8f129b5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Down Syndrome: An Informative EssayHaving said that, to those pupils who do not possess such foresight the building up of relationships and the constant negotiation processes are an essential part of their schooling. Anecdotal evidence as well as secondary research support the idea that pupils work better for those teachers they actually like.Whether a teacher is liked or disliked by his pupils is dependant upon many factors. For instance the teachers personal outlook does s/he even want to be liked?, do s/he care?, are they simply interested in meeting targets? If the teachers personal motivation is lacklustre then how are pupils to be motivated? Ideally, teachers would be able to identify the different levels of motivation among their pupils and build relationships accordingly. This, however, is not a realistic goal and much valuable class time can be spent chastising, persuading and offering incentives. Of course there is a danger that a teacher may become too preoccupied with the establishment of relationships and other areas such discipline may be ignored. The points above are interesting but we are chiefly concerned with those teachers who are motivated and use negotiation as a means of encouraging pupils to work, and I now wish to look at these negotiation processes in a little more depth. PART 2 WORK NEGOTIATIONOne of the most interesting points made in the chapter is that of the collusion often formed by teachers and pupils against a higher authority, this higher authority could be the headmaster for instance. This type of collusion could be of extreme value to teachers in forming relationships and as a way of getting pupils on side, as well as relinquishing any responsibility for the type of work and the amount required. With the majority of the blame lying at the feet of a higher authority the teacher could begin to build a system of almost conspiratory negotiation based on reciprocity you scratch my back and Ill scratch yours. Let us look at the authors idea of negotiation. Firstly s/he identifies four experiences that typified the pupils in his/her study school. The four categories are thus;- hard work, open negotiation, closed negotiation and work avoidance. The two extremes of the categories are self-explanatory, hard work being total pupil commitment and work avoidance being not only a total lack of commitment, but also a conscious and resourceful effort to avoid participating in any school workMost pupils are to be found in the two middle categories of open and closed negotiation and as such teachers must become keen negotiators if they are to succeed. It should be pointed out that control must be the predominant feature within negotiation teachers must dictate the concessions that are to be made.The authors open negotiation idea consists of the teacher and pupils making certain concessions, and is dependant to a large extent on mutual goodwill and a congenial atmosphere within the classroom. It is a n activity in which both pupil and teacher participate and each party bargains for what they perceive to be the better deal. The basic idea being that a teacher will permit a certain amount of digression in return for a certain amount of work, and the class hold the general consensus that this is acceptable. I have used the word general because in the next paragraph I wish to look at those pupils who do not subscribe to the general consensus and are typified as closed negotiation pupils. Another interesting point made was that a predominant feature in those teachers who were more liked by their pupils was the fact that they often included games into the work. The author concludes that games humanised the work and made it vastly more enjoyable. In a perfect world teacher and pupil would be in complete harmony and all decisions made about the type and amount of work to be done would be completely unanimous. However, in reality a teacher who uses negotiation must submit to the general consensus. What, then, of the pupils who have not concurred with the general consensus but are still forced to go along with it? The author typifies these pupils as being in the closed negotiation category. This category of pupils will flourish further if the teacher is not prepared to negotiate, and within this teacher dictated atmosphere the counter-productive and unruly element of pupils will come into being. CONCLUSIONBy drawing together the main points made in this critique it is apparent that pupils perceptions of the validity of the work they are undertaking is of paramount importance.Teachers must strive to make work less alien and more relevant to the pupils social perspective and this can be achieved in several ways. Collusion, as well as a system of negotiation and concessions could be used in order to overcome pupils natural recalcitrance.Teachers must care enough to become diagnosticians of their classes on the whole as well as identifying individual pupil needs. Of cou rse the needs of the many outweigh the needs of the few, but if teachers understand the needs of the few it will empower them in the negotiation process. .ua1575b3ee95d98eeddfb46d423e1c933 , .ua1575b3ee95d98eeddfb46d423e1c933 .postImageUrl , .ua1575b3ee95d98eeddfb46d423e1c933 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua1575b3ee95d98eeddfb46d423e1c933 , .ua1575b3ee95d98eeddfb46d423e1c933:hover , .ua1575b3ee95d98eeddfb46d423e1c933:visited , .ua1575b3ee95d98eeddfb46d423e1c933:active { border:0!important; } .ua1575b3ee95d98eeddfb46d423e1c933 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua1575b3ee95d98eeddfb46d423e1c933 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua1575b3ee95d98eeddfb46d423e1c933:active , .ua1575b3ee95d98eeddfb46d423e1c933:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua1575b3ee95d98eeddfb46d423e1c933 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua1575b3ee95d98eeddfb46d423e1c933 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua1575b3ee95d98eeddfb46d423e1c933 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua1575b3ee95d98eeddfb46d423e1c933 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua1575b3ee95d98eeddfb46d423e1c933:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua1575b3ee95d98eeddfb46d423e1c933 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua1575b3ee95d98eeddfb46d423e1c933 .ua1575b3ee95d98eeddfb46d423e1c933-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua1575b3ee95d98eeddfb46d423e1c933:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Daddy 2 EssayCategory: English

Milk and Milk Products Essay Example

Milk and Milk Products Essay Milk is a perfect nutrient. It is a portion and package of the diet of all immature and old. It is indispensable for the proper growing of the human organic structure. It is a balanced diet. It contains proteins. saccharides. fats. minerals and vitamins in the ratio in which they are needed for the proper development of the organic structure. This is why it best suit ; babes and the ill. Milk contains Ca. Newly born babes are fed on mother’s milk. It helps in the formation of castanetss. Following to mother’s milk. is cow’s milk. Milk should be boiled before it is taken. Before boiling. it should be strained through a piece of harsh fabric. Milk loses much of its nutrient value if it is boiled for a longer clip. We prepare a batch of things from milk. They are butter. curd. lassi. cheese. pick and a figure of Sweets which sell like hot bars. They are relished by every-body. We use milk in changing measures in tea. Milk in its purest signifier is rare now. Peoples have become dishonest. They adulterate milk by adding H2O to it or they get cream extracted from it. These malpractices destroy the nutrient value of milk. We will write a custom essay sample on Milk and Milk Products specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Milk and Milk Products specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Milk and Milk Products specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer These yearss tea is more popular than milk. Tea no uncertainty is cheaper but it is positively harmful for wellness. Milk strengthens friends bacteriums in our organic structure to defy diseases but tea destroys those bacteriums. Equally far as possible. tea should non be given to kids. One chief ground why the state people are stronger than city- bred people is that they get milk and milk merchandises in greater step than the people of metropoliss. Lassi is their favorite drink. The type of animate being. its quality. and its diet can take to differences in the coloring material. spirit. and composing of milk. Infections in the animate being which cause unwellness may be passed straight to the consumer through milk. It is hence highly of import that quality-control trials are carried out to guarantee that the bacterial activity in natural milk is of an acceptable degree. and that no harmful bacteriums remain in the processed merchandises. Milk fat The monetary value paid for milk is normally dependent upon the milk-fat content. and this may be determined either at the aggregation phase or at the dairy utilizing a piece of equipment known as a butyrometer. Additionally the specific gravitation can be measured utilizing a gravimeter. This can besides be used as an assistance to observe debasement. Bacterial activity Routinely it is necessary to look into the microbiological quality of natural milk utilizing either methylene blue or resazurin dyes. These trials indicate the activity of bacteriums in the milk sample and the consequences determine whether the milk is accepted or rejected. Both trials work on the rule of the clip taken to alter the coloring material of the dye. The length of clip taken is relative to the figure of micro-organisms nowadays ( the shorter the clip taken. the higher the bacterial activity ) . It is preferred to utilize the resazurin trial as this is less time-consuming. For these trials. basic research lab equipment will be needed such as test-tubes. a H2O bath. accurate measurement equipment. and a supply of dyes. After aggregation the milk should ideally be stored at a temperature of 4Â °C or below. This is necessary to decelerate the growing of any polluting bacteriums. Phosphatase trial For pasteurized milk. it is possible to guarantee that pasteurisation has been adequately achieved by proving for the presence of the enzyme phosphatase. The devastation of phosphatase is regarded as a dependable trial to demo that the milk has been sufficiently heat-processed. because this enzyme ( present in natural milk ) is destroyed by pasteurisation conditions. It is stressed that pasteurisation is an effectual precaution against spoilage and nutrient poisoning merely if the milk is non re-contaminated after pasteurisation. Production of Feed The dairy supply concatenation begins with turning harvests such as maize. lucerne hay and soya beans to feed dairy cattles. About 35 per centum of provender is grown on the farm by dairy husbandmans ; the remainder if purchased from other husbandmans. Milk Production Dairy cattles are housed. fed and milked on dairy farms across the state. On norm. a cow in the United States gave approximately 20. 576 lbs of milk in 2009. Milk Transport Milk is transported from farm to treat company in insulated oiler trucks. The mean truck carries 5. 800 gallons of milk and travels about 500 stat mis round trip. Processing There are more than 1. 000 U. S. processing workss that turn milk into cheese. yoghurt. ice pick. powered milk and other merchandises. Boxing Packaging is typically done by the dairy processor. Both poster board and plastic containers are designed to maintain dairy merchandises fresh. clean and wholesome. Distribution Distribution companies deliver dairy merchandises from the processor to retail merchants. schools. and other mercantile establishments in refrigerated trucks. Retail Milk and dairy merchandises are available at 178. 000 retail mercantile establishments of all forms and sizes – from convenience shops and vicinity food markets. to big price reduction shops and warehouse mercantile establishments. Consumer Milk and milk merchandises deliver nine indispensable foods to kids and grownups. advancing good wellness and wellbeing throughout all phases of life. The milk contains all the nutrient. including protein. fat. sugar. and other foods. a immature mammal requires for a long period of clip. Milk comes from sheep. cattles. and caprine animals. Milk is good for us because we grow up healthy and have a strong organic structure. we have crisp dentitions and have energy. Everybody needs milk illustration: babes. yearlings. ill people. kids. aged and old people. In assorted parts of the universe. caprine animals. caribou. donkeys. yacks. H2O American bison. and sheep are domesticated and milked. In most states. nevertheless. dairy cattles provide milk. Milk and milk merchandises are intoxicated and eaten in many signifiers. including buttermilk. cheese. yogurt. and butter. Milk can be reduced to pulverize. concentrated in a thick liquid. and used in cooking. Fresh milk sours rapidly. but. when changed into signifiers such as cheeses. it can be kept for a long clip. Peoples consume milk in fresh. dried. and condensed signifiers. The dairy husbandmans take their cattles to the keeping country. where they wash their cattles for milking. When cattles are clean the dairy husbandmans leads them to a particular room called the milking parlour. The dairy husbandmans take out the milking machine and attach it on the bag of the cow and begings milking. After few minitues when the cow has given all the milk the dairy husbandman weighs the milk and notes the sum in the particular diary. Each cow produces about 4500 liters of milk each twelvemonth. The milk travels from the cattles through glass pipes to the milk armored combat vehicle. The milk neer touches the air it stays clean and fresh. The milk cools in the armored combat vehicle. After this the dairy husbandmans clean the milking equipment and feed the cow. The cattles eat leafy vegetables. hay and maize that the dairy husbandmans grow. They besides eat vitamin feed that helps them do more milk. Subsequently from the chilling armored combat vehicle milk is transported to Process Company in insulated oiler trucks. Before the milk can be sold. it is tested to be certain it is fresh and pure. The milk is besides pasteurized. a particular procedure that kills any sources and keeps the milk fresh. The milk is poured into containers to sell in shops. The sum of milk a dairy cow produces varies from month to month. A cow does non bring forth any milk at all until the first calf is born. The husbandman removes the calf 2 yearss after birth. so that the cow is free to be milked. She is milked twice a twenty-four hours to maintain the milk output high and is given excess nutrient. The cow is milked for 10 months. Within three months after break uping ( giving birth ) . she is mated once more. During gestation the milk yeild falls bit by bit. and for 2 months before the birth. the cow is dry. For six hebdomads before the birth. she is given excess nutrient to assist her to bring forth a good milk supply after break uping. This is called steaming up. Get downing with the month when a calf was born. a calender is made demoing how a cow’s milk output alterations over a twelvemonth.

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buy custom Battle of Saratoga essay This paper addresses the battle of Saratoga. It spells out the main parties to the battle of Saratoga. It also spells out how the battle advanced and what the main motivating factor behind the battle was (Augustus, 1839). More than this, it gives the identity of the men who led the Americans and the British armies in the war. The paper further states the hardships that the American soldiers faced in the battle. Other aspects that are spelt out include the factors that led to the defeat of the British army. It also explains how the French gave their support to America after they won in this battle. The battle of Saratoga was comprised of two battles, which took place in September 1777 and October 1777. The battles are up-to-date considered as the turning point of American Revolutionary war. The Saratoga battle began when the British planned to control New York especially the upstate part. The British also made a plan to isolate New England from other southern colonies. This was geared towards putting an end to the prevailing revolution. The British troops went to battle led by General John Burgoyne. They planned to drive from Montreal to Albany along Lake Champlain, Lake George, and Hudson River. They were to join forces at Albany with two other British Commands. One was coming from New York while the other was coming from Mohawk River. The team by General John Burgoyne faced obstacles in the forest as they headed south. One obstacle was near Lake George where there were colonists who were felling trees. These troops blocked the path by General John Burgoyne Team. This caused a slowdown of the team. It took the team a considerably longer time to reach their destination. They faced a challenge of the fact that their supplies were running out of supplies by the time they arrived at FortEdward. The team sent a portion of their group to procure cattle and supplies from Vermont. Some colonist forces attacked this team and the numbers by Burgoyne were further dwindled. The American Scouts noticed the invasion by General John Burgoyne, and immediately Gates was notified. He ordered Daniel Morgan who was a colonel to track down the march by the British men. They were finally tracked down on the Freeman Farm. They engaged each other in a battle that lasted for more than 3 hours. From the onset, the Americans were numerically superior to the British army. During this encounter, General John Burgoyne forced the American soldirs to withdraw (Augustus, 1839). They mainly won because the ammunition the Americans was nearly exhausted. General John Burgoyne was shaken, and he ordered his army to wait for Clinton. He wanted to ensure that his team is larger than it had been during the first encounter (Kethum, 1999). Clinton was at this time expected to be preparing to move north from New York. They waited for Clinton for three weeks, but he did not turn up. General John Burgoyne had to decide whether to retreat or to advance in the war. He decided to take the risk and engage in his earlier plans. This was because he noticed that the more he waited the more the American army was advancing in size. His armies supplies were also diminishing by the day as he waited and thus he understood he had no more time. The Americans were well set, for they knew that the British team was about to advance. In a separate account, the other group of British Army led by General Howe was travelling north of New York City. They undecided to veer from their previous plan and take on the city of Philadelphia (Rees, 1996). They went ahead with this plan. The continental army of Washington prevented the team from leaving and joining hands with General John Burgoyne. In addition, Washington realized that a massive war was about to emerge. In their defense, they sent large troops to the North. There was an announcement that any military group that could join those troops was at Liberty to do so. This ended up to be extremely sturdy contingent troop and Militia gathering in the Saratoga area (Furneaux, 1971). Now, General John Burgoyne and his troop began to advance south again. They were, however, stopped ten miles below Saratoga. This was the beginning of the battle of Saratoga (Vierow, 2003). This was known the battle of Freemans Farm, and it took place on September, 19 1977. It began when militiamen from Virginia harassed the British. At the same time, other colonists aggressively fought the British. The British felt the loss more as they lost twice as many men as the American side. Gates and Benedict Arnold who was a field general led the American side (Augustus, 1839). The second battle, which is counted as part of battle of Saratoga, took place in October 7 the same year. This battle was named the second battle of Saratoga. It happened when General John Burgoyne decided to break free from the colonial forces that surrounded him (Cuneo, 1967). Thhe army by General John Burgoyne was by this time cut down to about 5000 men. They were facing the American side led by Gates that had 20 000 men. General John Burgoyne was also disadvantaged at this point because they were falling short of supplies in a foreign land (Furneaux, 1971). In this endeavor, he wanted to send them out of the field. In this battle, the British armies and the German allies who were helping them were devastated in battle. The defeat at the Bemis Heights forced General John Burgoyne to withdraw into the northern region. He went to the village, which is now called Schuylerville Village. As he began his retreat, Gates and his men followed him and surrounded him at Saratoga. While here, he consented defeat and surrendered on October 17 1777. The Saratoga monument was set up in this place to commemorate the momentous day of victory. General John Burgoyne was disgraced after the defeat, and he started his way back to England. It is noted that he was not given another command. The French people were now persuaded to support the Americans with some military aid. This defeat of the England forces by the Americans is thus the turning point of the American Revolution. Despite the wining by the American Army, they faced many challenges. In times of need the army, had to recruit slaves and other pardoned criminals? The leaders of the army knew that the wining tactic was ensuring that their numbers were larger than those of General John Burgoyne were. To this end, the American army at times enrolled the British side deserters and the people who would be termed as prisoners of war. Enrolling American men was sometimes hard, as the portion of people who were farmers did not want to leave their fields unattended. People also failed to join the army, as the compensation thereby was extremely low. In times of inflation, the militiamen received remarkably little amount of money as upkeep. There also lacked pension systems that would compensate the soldiers in cases where the soldiers died. There were also easy spreads of diseases in the police camps; they lacked the necessary facilities as they slept without tents and in other cases without blankets. They were also scarcity of food in their tents. The soldiers contended with so many problems as they even lacked cooking utensils and sometimes resulted to eating raw meat. They, however, garnered all their energy and won the British Army (Cuneo, 1967). Buy custom Battle of Saratoga essay buy custom Battle of Saratoga essay This paper is a bout the battle of Saratoga and how it was a major turning point in the revolutionary war. The paper starts by looking at how it all begun some of the involved groups and their significance at the various stages of the battle. The paper also looks at how and why other nations got involved in this war for instance France and Spain. This paper looks at some of the benefits that Americans got by participating in this war for instance the bill of rights ,that were effected and some of the constitutional amendments that came with it. Introduction The Battle of Saratoga was one of Americas major and historic turning points of all the revolutions that America has ever undergone. In this battle, America proved to the whole world that indeed they have an army that was sufficiently effective to fight and defeat well trained British army. This is considered as one of Americas successful battles of all time. When the Americans seemed to overpower the Britons, other European countries became more interested with Americans and how they had managed to put up such a fight against the then powerful nation like Britain. Most of them including France and Spain joined them and provided assistance but secretly. During the 1777 British campaign, Burgoyne who was by then a Major General organized a three columns concentric advance which was to take place in New York. Burgoyne led one of the teams that took the southward direction along river Hudson. Another group under the impetus of General Barry Leger whose main work or responsibility was to provide a diversionary attack, and lastly there was another third group under the leadership of General Howe was dispatched to operate along river Mohawk. The plan was well drawn out and General Howe was expected to direct the group under General Henry to take the northern direction along river Hudson to meet General Burgoyne at Albany. The main aim of this strategy was to basically destroy the massive and brutish forces of New England and also to reduce their influence across Europe. Background information According to Todd L. and Curtis Eugene (1990)The goal of the 1777 campaigns was to basically to take control of the Hudson river, the Lake Champlain and the surrounding areas, by so doing they would have automatically and effectively isolated the oppressive England from their other American colonies. This invasion had been planed in such away that two aspects were to be addressed. First, Burgoyne was to lead a group of people towards Albany in New York along Lake Champlain. Burgoyne started off and within a very short period of time he had managed to recapture Fort Ticonderoga. From there on, Burgoynes march became a bit slow because of a few logistics because of the fact that they were moving through bushes and they also kept on stopping on the way to engage in a bit of training. They also face some problems on their way like being attacked by smaller groups which were sent out to distract them and seize them up and thwart their efforts to access their supplies. They were lucky because most of these kinds of destruction were defeated by the American militia for instance in the Bennington battle. Unfortunately in this instances Burgoyne kept on losing some of his men in the process .There was an instance where the American militia attempted to intervene and provide assistance but got ambushed and had no option but to scatter in a battle that was dubbed Oriskany.A second group that was under the leadership of Benedict Arnold, abandoned him and he had no other option other than returning to Quebec and rethink his strategy. Burgoynes set backs Burgoyne's Group was reduced by almost half in the various battles that they had been engaged in for instance in the battle of Bennington and the fact that they were running out of supplies .Despite all his setbacks, Burgoyne was determined to struggle and fight on in a bid to get to Albany (Frederickson J 2006). There was an American army under the leadership of General Horatio Gates which had already taken over parts of Saratoga. Burgoyne atempted to outflank the American army unfortunately he could not outdo them at the very first Saratoga battle .Burgoyne came up with desperate attempts but in vain and again he feared that the army that was under the leadership of General Howe which was operating in New York would be coming. The American militia and other natives joined the army that was under the stewardship of General Gates making it more stronger. Burgoyne run out of options after losing terribly in the second battle of Saratoga and had to surrender. Saratoga was basically like the turning point that brought about confidence and determination particularly after Howe managed to successful occupy and take control over Philadelphia. This victory in many ways encouraged France to join hands with American after secretly supporting them for close to two solid years. After the alliance and support from other nations, things became more complicated for the Britons. The British plan The British plan which was all about repelling the Americans and gaining more ground seemed to work but only for awhile. The Burgoyne's army had for some time manages to repel and push back the American forces southward as they attempted to surge upwards along the Hudson River .In an a bid to impede the progress of the British army , General Philip Schuyler of America added another group of army. This group moved along the Mohawk River as a reinforcement team. After a while General Arnold went back with his group after successfully fighting off enemies in good time to participate in the battle of Saratoga. The First and second Battles of Saratoga According to Ketchum R. (1999) the very first battle of Saratoga started on 19 September, 1777 .In this very first encounter General Gates who had poor execution lost some substantive ground to the Britons. This was partly due to the disagreement that erupted between him and General Arnold. This was due to difference in tactic they intended to use; this saw Gates relieve Arnold from commanding the army. The deadly battle of Bemis Heights came to be considered as the second battle of Saratoga. After awhile, General Gates took over leadership and command from Schuyler, whose ideologies and political strategies had had hit a snug for instance the loss of Ticonderoga which forced him to retreat. Gates immediately commanded his army to march towards the north. At a place known as the Bemis Heights which is situated north of Stillwater, which is just a few miles south of Saratoga, was picked as a base of its strategic positioning. The army took some time at this place strategizing on how to launch attacks. Bemis was chosen because of its height which could provide a good and clear view .That very first battle actually began when Burgoyne directed some of his troops to Bemis Height in an attempt to stop the American from encroaching on Bemis Heights. General Benedict Arnold was well informed and to counter the move he placed massive forces in their way. Factors that led to Americas triumph The battle of Saratoga was a turning point for the a American people in many ways .First of all ,this battle made American win over the confidence of other countries that had a problem with the British dominance. By successfully participating in this battle the Americans got a lot of morale and knew that they can as well have say in their own matters. Americans capitalized on the weaknesses of the British army for instance the British army had poor planning and lacked proper direction from their headquarters in London. Another reason why the British army lost miserably is because they were far from and could not easily access their supplies in Canada. American also won the battle because they had received the backing of other European nations but clandestinely for instance France who supplied them with war materials and also the French navy played a very big role in helping the American. When France openly came to the assistance of Americans, other countries also joined in, for instance Spain who claimed that they are in the war as Frances ally. The Battle of Saratoga is bbelieved to have been a major turning point for America. Americans had numerous opportunities that helped them win the battle. For instance when the British army was moving south and away from their main source of their supplies which was in Canada. The Generals of the American army got wind of this and took advantage of it by executing their operations. During the 1777 encounter was the first time the American army got to meet the British army in a full dress war and emerged winners. Why the battle was seen as a turning point to Americans The Battle of Saratoga was viewed as a major turning point because of quite a number of reasons which are seen as benefits to the Americans. First of all, Americans started to benefit and fully enjoy their basic rights that they had been denied by the oppressive Britons. This came with a series of constitutional amendments that gave more freedom and privilege to the people of America including liberties to engage I whatever they are interested in. The American legislators got the power to amend the constitution and they even incorporate like forty new provisions .This saw Americans gain a lot of freedoms and other rights which were incorporated in their constitution (Bass H. 1990). Some of them included freedom of speech, freedom of press, freedom of assembly and also freedom to be tried by the jury. The British authorities had become very oppressive and that is why most of their colonies hated them and helped Americans .After they had actively participated in the French and the Indian Wars, the Britons felt that they had lost some substantive amount of money and the best way to recover that was by taxing their colonies heavily. This move was bitterly resisted by most British colonies who believed that they were not the main reason why Britain had incurred big losses .This prompted most of them to gang against the British authorities .This was a common behavior that the British authorities had adopted, whereby after engaging in wars with other countries and incurring losses, they resort to heavily taxing their colonies. The good thing is that whenever the Britons came up with a new law concerning the taxation, their colonists hated and disliked them even more. Somehow it may sound like it is a good thing for The Britons to impose more taxes on their colonists because it was them that they were protecting after all. According to most Americans this was not the best way to support their mother country; they looked at it as a form of oppression and exploitation. Americans felt that being indebted to their mother country for protection was basically missing the point and it was not what they were looking for. American authorities believed that the British authorities were trying to use their colonies for economic and political gains. The American Revolution came in handy to end that exploitation and oppression. This was a great thing to ever happen in the history of America and in shaping it to what it is today. This revolution was inevitably going to take place happen because of the eagerness of America and other colonies to becoming free. This was timely because American eventually got an opportunity to work together and could join any relig ious organization with out being persecuted. According to Murrin J. et al (2008) this opened up opportunities to Americans all over the world they also got an opportunity to amend their constitution and other laws and political system. Americans showed their former colonialist that they were in apposition to make a living by themselves and providing protection to themselves by putting up that revolution. This was indeed a turning point to Americans in the sense that they realized that they can actually empower themselves and become their own authority. This revolution made Americans to become conscious about the fact that there was no rationale or justification for them to depend or rely on the British government to help them stay afloat. Without this revolution ,the Americans were not only trying to run away from the Not only were they still trying to break away from the oppressive and exploitative British but it gave them an opportunity to form a central government system. Buy custom Battle of Saratoga essay

Learn to Spell by Phonograms, not Letters

Learn to Spell by Phonograms, not Letters Learn to Spell by Phonograms, not Letters Learn to Spell by Phonograms, not Letters By Maeve Maddox In the 1970s, educational research indicated that less than one per cent of the population suffered what has come to be called dyslexia (a disturbance of the ability to read). Now the estimate is from 5 to 15 per cent. As early as 1955 Rudolf Flesch pointed out the disconnect between modern teaching methods and the ability to read (or spell) in Why Johnny Cant Read and What You Can Do About It. After half a century, Fleschs book remains a thorn in the side of the advocates of the sight method of teaching children to read. Parents of young children would do well to read it. I once tutored a child who looked at the word April and read it as May. He knew that the word represented the name of a month because hed been taught the names of the months in context. He apparently did not know how to decipher it by its spelling. Adult readers recognize words by sight. Experienced readers can recognize words if only some of the letters are showing. They can recognize them if the words are upside down. This ability comes from having seen the words hundreds or thousands of times. Beginning readers, however, need systematic instruction in approaching words from left to right, phonogram by phonogram. To develop confidence and fluency in readingand the ability to spellthey need to begin with words like hat, cot, and bin before encountering words like know, they, or eight. (The latter three words are on the Dolch List taught to beginning readers with the use of flashcards.) NOTE: The use of flashcards to develop instant word recognition is a useful techniquebut only after the beginning reader has been taught the phonetic elements of the word being drilled. Its counterproductive to expose a beginner who knows only the 26 letters of the alphabet to words spelled with sounds represented by letter combinations like th, kn, ay, igh, and eigh. Relatively few of the common words on the Dolch List defy the effort to sound them out by their phonograms. Those few, like once and warm, are easily taught as exceptions. The most efficient way to learn to spell a word is to approach it phonogram by phonogram, and not letter by letter. A phonogram is a written symbol that stands for a sound. The word pal, for example, contains three letters, each of which is also a phonogram: /p-a-l/. The word church , on the other hand, contains six letters, but only three phonograms: /ch-ur-ch/. Here are some phonograms to look for when analyzing a words spelling: Consonant phonograms: b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z, sh, th, ch, ng, ck, wh, kn, gn, wr, ph, dge, gh, ti, si, ci, pn, rh, and qu. Vowel (and semi-vowel) phonograms: a, e, i, o, u, y, ee, ay, ai, ow, ou, oy, oi, aw, au, ew, ui, oo, ea, ar, er, ir, ur, or, ed, or, oa, ey, ei, ie, igh, eigh, oe, ough, and eu. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Meaning of "To a T"Time Words: Era, Epoch, and EonAppropriate vs. Apropos vs. Apt

Most important system of critical national infrastructure Essay

Most important system of critical national infrastructure - Essay Example While security may mean guarding the country’s boarders against outside attacks and intrusion, it also encompasses computer technology, which has become a critical part of the modern day activities. The most developed countries have been targeted through computer attacks where fraud committed through these systems has increased in the modern world. This requires a robust governmental strategy to defend its citizens against illegal exploitation through computer related crimes. If these computers are attacked mostly through viruses, other services are affected. This is because while computers are used for most office work in the modern world, they also control other important infrastructures such as the power grid, which would in turn bring devastating effects such as patient deaths since it is used in hospitals to support lives (How government services (GS) work with other critical infrastructures, n.d). Other activities such as banking would also be affected bringing a negative impact to the country’s economy. However, if security has been guaranteed and if the governments are several steps ahead of the criminals with regard to computer technology, the country’s s ecurity would have been catered for from the perspective of information technology. Here, most countries have implemented measures to ensure that their cyber space is as secure as possible so as to prevent disastrous events that may happen. Security infrastructure may also be viewed from the perspective of food security for a country. A government must ensure that its country is secure with respect to available food for its citizens. This would be accomplished by ensuring that resources are available to protect people from hunger if natural disasters such as floods and droughts take place affecting the availability of food. This implies that security incorporates a

Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Finance - Essay Example In the year 2007, British Petroleum, Plc took many of the restructuring initiatives. It had restructured its operations in the North Sea Organisation. The restructuring was aimed to simplify the organisation and to improve the efficiency of the various related processes. The company was compelled to initiate such changes as the production in that area was depicting decreasing trend while cost was rising rapidly (BP, 2007). As the chief executive of BP put it, the over all restructuring measure was not all about ‘cost reduction and cull’, rather it was about the a change in culture among the employees of BP, as he observed that the oil major has been suffering from ‘over- complexity’ (Macalister, 2007). Though the management claimed it to be mere change in culture but it invariably meant reduction in the employee force as the company was witnessing alarming financial results. To do away with the complexities that according to the top management were responsible for such deplorable financial results, the company decided to make processes simpler. The corporation used to have three major divisions namely ‘exploration and production’, ‘refining and marketing’ and ‘gas, power and renewable’. To make operational process straightforward and reduce costs, the management restructured the process by doing away with the third segment and incorporating it into the other two. The company introduced a separate division to handle business of low carbon and options of future growth and named it ‘alternative energy’ (Kukec, 2007). The objective of any restructuring plan that any corporate initiates, is to increase its profitability and the financial performance and to create enhanced value for the share holders. The financial results of the British Petroleum for the financial year 2008 clearly depicts that the restructuring plans

The Pros and Cons of Setting Separate Private Company Essay Example for Free

The Pros and Cons of Setting Separate Private Company Essay With the development of world economy, U.S.GAAP becomes more and more complex to meet public companies’ needs. Private companies cost a great fortune to compliance with U.S.GAAP. So, setting public-private accounting standards is a different issue debated for decades. it goes without saying that setting new separate accounting standards have its advantages and disadvantages. Background In USA, there are a large number of nonpublic companies, much more than public companies. As time goes, deficiencies exist in current GAAP to meet nonpublic companies to make financial reporting. GAAP is extremely complex and onerous to nonpublic companies. Those private companies frustrated with being forced to spend a great amount of money on valuating intangible property, or spending hours on disclosures that users may not read. Therefore, private companies’ owners cry for a sufficient and appropriate accounting standards meet their needs. In Jun 2006, The AICPA advocated for the need for setting a differential private company standards. Then, the Private Company Financial Reporting Committee ( PCFRC ), overseen by FASB, was formed to modify private accounting rules for private company. However, FASB overruled the PCFRC’s recommendations numerous times. In this way, in early 2011, Blue Ribbon Panel ( a joint committee of the Financial Accounting Foundation ) recommended to establish an autonomous board, directly overseen by FAF, to set new accounting standards for private companies, instead of oversight by FASB. Later in the year, the FAF overruled blue ribbon panel recommendation and proposed a new †Private Company Standards Improvements Council†(PCSIC), which can recommend changes and exceptions to standards FASB issued for private companies. But FASB still have final say by ratifying The PCSIC suggests. After that, the AICPA have announced its disappointment about FAF disallowed establish Separate private accounting standards. And according to the new Deloitte survey, more than half of medium and small sized companies (respondents) believe there should be separate standards. So, the battle isn’t end! The pros of setting private company accounting standards First of all, unlike big GAAP, a small GAAP for nonpublic company can simplify private company reporting. With the development of world economy, U.S.GAAP become more and more complex to meet large multinational corporations’ and public corporations’ needs. However, many of those requirements are irrelevant to private companies. Users probably won’t use much of information accountants prepared according to U.S.GAAP. Comparing with large companies, small companies compile those standards are expensive and time consuming. GAAP compliant financial statements are growing disproportionately compare with the benefits of providing such financial statements to users of private company. So GAAP is not an ideal framework for financial reporting for private company. While, separate private accounting standards would limit unnecessary information, reduce costs. Additionally, according to American Law, GAAP must be followed by public companies, those trade their securities in public market, but not obligatory to nonpublic companies, they prepare financial statements based on other accounting standards for their users. In this way, some of private companies strictly follow GAAP, some of them follow GAAP to a certain extent, others avoid GAAP altogether by choosing other account system. This can cause several problems. For example the reliability of the accounting information cannot be guaranteed since different kinds of reference standards private companies choose. The increasing difficulties for users compare with competitors in same industry. The Cons of setting private company accounting standards To begin with, private company might go public. If a private company comply with high quality GAAP from it started, going public won’t be hampered to this company. However, if a private company adopts private accounting standards, instead of GAAP, the company must adjust its account according with GAAP before come in to market, and, without doubt, have less chance go public. In addition, the economics of a transaction should be accounted for in the same manner by all entities. In an economic transaction, events and circumstances are same to seller and buyer, regardless of whether entity is pubic company or not. So, the manner of recognition and measurement in the transaction should not be influenced by its size, its status as a private entity, or its sources of capital. Moreover, if separate private company accounting standards are set, there is no way to compare private company financial statements with public company financial statement. Under a single set of U.S.GAAP, financial users, like investors and business owners, can easily compare their financial statements with similar entities’ financial statements in the same industry, which can provide great value. Finally, Complexity of GAAP is a problem for all companies, whether public or private. The compliance burden falls proportionally to private company, because they have fewer resources and some of GAAP exempt to them. It is also complexity to public companies. So if public companies have to endure this, then so should private companies. Bibliography 1. Norris, Floyd. Proposal Would Create New Accounting Standard-Setter for Private Companies. The New York Times. The New York Times, 04 Oct. 2011. Web. 13 Oct. 2012. 2. Hood, Tom. Private Company GAAP? Time to Pay Attention. Macpa. Macpa.org, 07 Dec. 2010. Web. 13 Oct. 2012. 3. Pounder, Bruce. The Big Risks of Little GAAP Accounting CFO.com. CFO.com. CFO.com, 2 Dec. 2010. Web. 13 Oct. 2012. 4. Zanzig, Jeffrey S, and Dale L. Flesher. GAAP Requirements for Nonpublic Companies. Nysscpa. Nysscpa.org, May 2006. Web. 13 Oct. 2012. 5. Small or Mid-Size Private COmpanies Indicate Preference for Separate Accounting Standards: Deloitte Survey. Galegroup.com. Investment Weekly News, 8 Aug. 2009. Web. 13 Oct. 2012. 6. Beckwith, George. Is a separate FASB for private company GAAP coming? Financial Executive Oct. 2010: 66+. Academic OneFile. Web. 14 Oct. 2012.

Emma Bovary and the Covent School Essay -- Emma Bovary covent School E

Emma Bovary and the Covent School Emma Bovary; intelligent, spoiled, and utterly obsessed with material concerns, is ironically placed by her father into a convent school where she fails to learn the lesson that would be most useful in her life: how to seek fulfillment through her platonic side. The convent section is very important because it will set the stage for all of Emma’s material obsessions and spiritual failures throughout the story. The entirety of Madame Bovary is diffused with a sense of hopelessness; the world is uncaring, fate is cruel, and God, if he exists at all, is painfully unsympathetic. This diffusion is carried out by the narrator, Flaubert, who seats himself on the empty observation post of god and regales us with this story in a matter of fact, scientifically cold way which fits so perfectly with the era’s transition to secularity. It is quite funny then, that this detached narrator informs us of Emma’s early life at the convent; a place that should distance its inhabitants from the material world. Here, despite the wishes of the nuns, she finds se... Emma Bovary and the Covent School Essay -- Emma Bovary covent School E Emma Bovary and the Covent School Emma Bovary; intelligent, spoiled, and utterly obsessed with material concerns, is ironically placed by her father into a convent school where she fails to learn the lesson that would be most useful in her life: how to seek fulfillment through her platonic side. The convent section is very important because it will set the stage for all of Emma’s material obsessions and spiritual failures throughout the story. The entirety of Madame Bovary is diffused with a sense of hopelessness; the world is uncaring, fate is cruel, and God, if he exists at all, is painfully unsympathetic. This diffusion is carried out by the narrator, Flaubert, who seats himself on the empty observation post of god and regales us with this story in a matter of fact, scientifically cold way which fits so perfectly with the era’s transition to secularity. It is quite funny then, that this detached narrator informs us of Emma’s early life at the convent; a place that should distance its inhabitants from the material world. Here, despite the wishes of the nuns, she finds se...

Goldelocks Planet

Could ‘Goldilocks' planet be just right for life? [->0][->1] AP Photo/Zina Deretsky, National Science FoundationAn artist rendering by Lynette Cook, National Science Foundation, shows the new planet on the right.  ·Top of Form 1 Buzz up! 865 votes Bottom of Form 1  ·HYPERLINK â€Å"http://www. facebook. com/sharer. php? u=http://news. yahoo. com/s/ap/20100929/ap_on_sc/us_sci_new_earths&t=Could+%27Goldilocks%27+planet+be+just+right+for+life%3F+-+Yahoo%21+News†Share  ·HYPERLINK â€Å"http://twitter. com/home? status=http://news. yahoo. com/s/ap/20100929/ap_on_sc/us_sci_new_earths†retweet  ·HYPERLINK â€Å"http://mtf. ews. yahoo. com/mailto/? prop=news&locale=us&url=http://news. yahoo. com/s/ap/20100929/ap_on_sc/us_sci_new_earths&title=Could+%27Goldilocks%27+planet+be+just+right+for+life%3F+-+Yahoo%21+News&h1=ap/20100929/ap_on_sc/us_sci_new_earths&h2=T&h3=624†³Email  ·HYPERLINK â€Å"http://news. yahoo. com/s/ap/20100929/ap_on_sc/us_sci_new_earths/pr int†Print  ·HYPERLINK â€Å"/nphotos/undated-handout-artist-rendering-provided-Lynette-Cook-National-Science-Foundation/photo//100929/480/urn_publicid_ap_org7e4574a9e56348109f878f3f99936813//s:/ap/20100929/ap_on_sc/us_sci_new_earths†?FPRIVATE â€Å"TYPE=PICT;ALT=This undated handout artist rendering provided by Lynette Cook, National Science Foundation, shows a new planet, right. Astronomers have found a plane†AP – This undated handout artist rendering provided by Lynette Cook, National Science Foundation, shows a †¦  ·HYPERLINK â€Å"/nphotos/Goldilocks-planet/ss/events/sc/093010goldilocplanet†? FPRIVATE â€Å"TYPE=PICT;ALT='Goldilocks' planet†HYPERLINK â€Å"/nphotos/Goldilocks-planet/ss/events/sc/093010goldilocplanet†Slideshow:'Goldilocks' planet  ·HYPERLINK â€Å"http://us. rd. yahoo. om/dailynews/external/hearst_orlando_wesh/av_hearst_orlan_wesh/884e0bfd9b244f9bb69f244f471dd239/37795187;_ylt=AkmdpzkzfGvlRd_Ow96TXr5xieA A;_ylu=X3oDMTFiMThoYm9oBHBvcwM0BHNlYwN5bl9yXzNzbG90X3ZpZGVvBHNsawN2aWQtZXYtdGh1bWI-/*http://news. yahoo. com/video/politics-15749652/22211228†? FP RIVATE â€Å"TYPE=PICT;ALT=Titusville Teen Campaigns To Save NASA†Play Video HYPERLINK â€Å"http://us. rd. yahoo. com/dailynews/external/hearst_orlando_wesh/av_hearst_orlan_wesh/884e0bfd9b244f9bb69f244f471dd239/37795187;_ylt=AhwlUOUqG. XJT7dMF4fIKZRxieAA;_ylu=X3oDMTFhaWFjbWFmBHBvcwM1BHNlYwN5bl9yXzNzbG90X3ZpZGVvBHNsawN2aWQtZXYtbGluaw–/*http://news. ahoo. com/video/politics-15749652/22211228†³Space Video:Titusville Teen Campaigns To Save NASA HYPERLINK â€Å"/video/local/orlando;_ylt=AvXELmZkdK7w8FyZhXrJ2stxieAA;_ylu=X3oDMTFiMTJlb3JuBHBvcwM2BHNlYwN5bl9yXzNzbG90X3ZpZGVvBHNsawN2aWQtZXYtcHJvdmk-â€Å"WESH Orlando  ·HYPERLINK â€Å"http://us. rd. yahoo. com/dailynews/external/reutersav/av_reuters_all/398f239b7ca1ff117e11bfc2a7471a54/37792448;_ylt=AglH. ImWxulddgvz7mWJZWJxieAA;_ylu=X3oDMTFiOWVlczFoBHBvcwM3BHNlYwN5 bl9yXzNzbG90X3ZpZGVvBHNsawN2aWQtZXYtdGh1bWI-/*http://news. yahoo. com/video/science-15749654/22207740†?F? FPRIVATE â€Å"TYPE=PICT;ALT=New planet could support life†Play Video HYPERLINK â€Å"http://us. rd. yahoo. com/dailynews/external/reutersav/av_reuters_all/398f239b7ca1ff117e11bfc2a7471a54/37792448;_ylt=Ah1mE3gU9F_SRM8nCpSKJElxieAA;_ylu=X3oDMTFhcDNlYmRyBHBvcwM4BHNlYwN5bl9yXzNzbG90X3ZpZGVvBHNsawN2aWQtZXYtbGluaw–/*http://news. yahoo. com/video/science-15749654/22207740†³Space Video:New planet could support lifeMore photos  »HYPERLINK â€Å"http://us. rd. yahoo. com/dailynews/ap/brand/SIG=11f589428/**http%3A%2F%2Fwww. ap. org%2Ftermsandconditions†?FPRIVATE â€Å"TYPE=PICT;ALT=AP†[->2] Reuters By SETH BORENSTEIN, AP Science Writer Seth Borenstein, Ap Science Writer – Wed Sep 29, 7:19 pm ET WASHINGTON – Astronomers say they have for the first time spotted a planet beyond our own in what is sometimes called the Goldilocks zone fo r life: Not too hot, not too cold. Juuuust right. Not too far from its star, not too close. So it could contain liquid water. The planet itself is neither too big nor too small for the proper surface, gravity and atmosphere. It's just right. Just like Earth. This really is the first Goldilocks planet,† said co-discoverer R. Paul Butler of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. [Related: Seven best places to sleep under the stars[->3]] The new planet sits smack in the middle of what astronomers refer to as the habitable zone, unlike any of the nearly 500 other planets astronomers have found outside our solar system. And it is in our galactic neighborhood, suggesting that plenty of Earth-like planets circle other stars. Finding a planet that could potentially support life is a major step toward answering the timeless question: Are we alone?Scientists have jumped the gun before on proclaiming that planets outside our solar system were habitable only to have them turn out to be n ot quite so conducive to life. But this one is so clearly in the right zone that five outside astronomers told The Associated Press it seems to be the real thing. â€Å"This is the first one I'm truly excited about,† said Penn State University's Jim Kasting. He said this planet is a â€Å"pretty prime candidate† for harboring life. Life on other planets doesn't mean E. T. Even a simple single-cell bacteria or the equivalent of shower mold would shake perceptions about the uniqueness of life on Earth.But there are still many unanswered questions about this strange planet. It is about three times the mass of Earth, slightly larger in width and much closer to its star — 14 million miles away versus 93 million. It's so close to its version of the sun that it orbits every 37 days. And it doesn't rotate much, so one side is almost always bright, the other dark. Temperatures can be as hot as 160 degrees or as frigid as 25 degrees below zero, but in between — in the land of constant sunrise — it would be â€Å"shirt-sleeve weather,† said co-discoverer Steven Vogt of the University of California at Santa Cruz.It's unknown whether water actually exists on the planet, and what kind of atmosphere it has. But because conditions are ideal for liquid water, and because there always seems to be life on Earth where there is water, Vogt believes â€Å"that chances for life on this planet are 100 percent. † The astronomers' findings are being published in Astrophysical Journal and were announced by the National Science Foundation on Wednesday. The planet circles a star called Gliese 581.It's about 120 trillion miles away, so it would take several generations for a spaceship to get there. It may seem like a long distance, but in the scheme of the vast universe, this planet is â€Å"like right in our face, right next door to us,† Vogt said in an interview. That close proximity and the way it was found so early in astronomers' search for habitable planets hints to scientists that planets like Earth are probably not that rare. Vogt and Butler ran some calculations, with giant

George Orwell’s 1984 Human Nature Essay Essay

George Orwell’s 1984 is a novel which describes utter and total hate- hate of those who are different, hate of evil and hate of all other humans. It is where love is described as absurd, and totally unnecessary. People are bred to hate, and hate is the primary emotion that people feel. The lack of love and kindness is what brings the society to such a complete totalitarian state. Human beings instinctively crave love and care to thrive and without it no one can truly be happy or free. This works well for 1984 because it is a hate driven society, but the lack of love causes unrest with those who can see the importance of love. By seeking out a relationship in this society it is a certain death sentence and no moral conviction or emotional loyalty is strong enough to withstand torture or betrayal. Physical pain and fear will always cause people to betray their convictions if doing so will end their suffering. It is extremely important for the leaders of this society to control relationships and emotions; the society breeds hatred and disapproves of love in its citizens. There is no way to successfully rebel against this control as the Party surmises. The traitors against the Party belief that love is nonexistent â€Å"[imagine] that there is something called human nature which will. . .turn against [the Party]† (Part 3. Ch. 3, Pg. 282). Unfortunately, the Party has created human nature and it despises those who believe they can fight against their control. They utilize torture to suppress loyalties that attempt to surface between rebels. The potential for loving relationships in this society is highly improbable, because of the oppressive rule and the fear of being found out by the Party bosses. The Party knows that love cannot bloom or should not because they govern emotions. It is accepted that â€Å"men are infinitely malleable.† (Part 3. Ch. 3, Pg. 282) and no one should be able to feel close to another. The Party allows people to get close perhaps, but then uses torture to have them betray each other- which is what will ultimately tear people apart. No one can allow themselves a relationship ruined by betrayal. Not only does the Party make romantic loyalties a crime, it also creates loveless familial relations. Children in families do not show love or affection towards their parents. They are taught by the Party to spy on  their mothers and fathers; to be miniature investigators for treason. The society has become one where â€Å"it was almost normal for people. . . to be frightened of their own children. (Part 1, Ch. 2, Pg. 27) The Party creates a system where children who betray their families are rewarded and so mothers cannot show any love towards their children without fearing treason- which would result in torture. No family can be close to each other as families of the past- everyone has reason to be afraid of each other and worry that they may be turned in by their offspring. A family is not an organism strong enough to bond together without fear of conviction. The Party creates spies in youth, who are afraid of what will happen to them if they do not obey the Party. No longer do families create the rules and impose authority- it is the government that raises children, and families must become terrified of their own progeny. The most important aspect of human nature is that people can bond with each other to create loving relationships. One must find someone to fight with, to rebel against the oppression but in this society any thought of love is shadowed by the knowledge that everyone could be able to betray everybody. The Party does not permit emotional attachment and threats of torture affix themselves to any relationship- if someone loves someone, might the object of their affection just as easily be a spy than a lover? No one can honestly maintain a relationship under the pressure of the Party. In the end, betrayal is the only way to go and it overcomes even the basic human instinct to seek out love. It ends up that eventually love does not conquer all and one can only love their saviour- even if they are Party commanders. Romantic love is an ideal that cannot prevail because it is slowly bred into the hearts and minds of the rebels that this love will only end in misery. The once loving will turn into bitter misers and betray whomever that they believe put them in the torture chamber. Love may be worth â€Å"risking everything for† (Erica Jong) but unfortunately what happens in the end is that â€Å"you don’t risk anything, [and find yourself risking even more]† (Erica Jong). And by risking everything it is an admittance to die. Love and loyalty are not strong enough factors in this society- betrayal is, and by this betrayal one accepts condemnation to die. Love and emotional attachments, the underlying components of human nature, lead one to fear pain and betrayal, as well as separation, ultimately causing one to accept the oppression and fear that allows the Party to thrive. In this society to survive one cannot allow a relationship to be formed. One must be solitary and isolated because it is necessary to have love, yet it is fatalistic to seek it out. Love has become a tool for the Party to manipulate. Human nature demands that families are loving and kind; that a couple can spend time together and that love should freely abound in a society. Yet, human nature is controlled and to love is to fear the torture and threats from the Party. Love is betrayal and human nature is to fight against this betrayal. People may wish to have relations with each other, yet the ultimate realization that comes from the novel is that no emotional ties or moral convictions are able to withstand extreme suffering.

A Place Called Chiapas Video essays

A Place Called Chiapas Video essays This video was a very I opening piece on the situation in the Mexican territory known as Chiapas. I had heard a small amount of things about the problems previous to seeing the video and now realize that I had seen and heard was only the tip of the iceberg. Previously, I had only been told by the media that it was an independence movement by some indigenous peoples of southern Mexico. After watching the Chiapas video I now know the conditions leading to the rebellion in 1994 and how things have progressed since. I admire the makers of the video for not only showing one side of the conflict. In the video I saw the viewpoints of the Zapatista militia, the former ranchland owners, common people, government, and anti-Zapatista militia. This multi-faceted approach is, in my opinion, the most appropriate way to gain a less tainted overall view of any problem. This video really helped me to understand that the Zapatistas are not after complete atounomy, but, are after some self gover nance, more assistance from the government for health and education, and representation in the government. The only thing that I would like to see added to the video are some of the points brought up in class by the presentation given on the subject. One idea is the relation to the problems in Chiapas to the NAFTA agreement between the United States, Mexico, and Canada. Also, I would like to see some representation from the United States government on why they choose to ignore the human rights violations performed by the Mexican government but stick their noses in practically everyone elses business. Another issue I would like to see in the video is the support of the Mexican government for the anti-Zapatista militias and their refusal to address the ethnic discrimination involved in this dispute. Overall, the video was strong and I thing that you should continue to use it in the future. If there is ever a video that ...

Strong Acid Definition and Examples

Strong Acid Definition and Examples A strong acid is an acid that is completely dissociated or ionized in an aqueous solution. It is a chemical species with a high capacity to lose a proton, H. In water, a strong acid loses one proton, which is captured by water to form the hydronium ion: HA(aq) H2O → H3O(aq) A−(aq) Diprotic and polyprotic acids may lose more than one proton, but the strong acid pKa value and reaction only refers to the loss of the first proton. Strong acids have a small logarithmic constant (pKa) and a large acid dissociation constant (Ka). Most strong acids are corrosive, but some of the superacids are not corrosive. In contrast, some of the weak acids (e.g., hydrofluoric acid) may be highly corrosive. Note: As acid concentration increases, the ability to dissociate diminishes. Under normal conditions in water, strong acids dissociate completely, but extremely concentrated solutions do not. Examples of Strong Acids While there are many weak acids, there are few strong acids. The common strong acids include: HCl (hydrochloric acid)H2SO4 (sulfuric acid)HNO3 (nitric acid)HBr (hydrobromic acid)HClO4 (perchloric acid)HI (hydroiodic acid)p-toluenesulfonic acid (an organic soluble strong acid)methanesulfonic acid (a liquid organic strong acid) The following acids dissociate almost completely in water, so they are often considered to be strong acids, although they are not more acidic than the hydronium ion, H3O. HNO3Â  (nitric acid)HClO3Â  (chloric acid) Some chemists consider the hydronium ion, bromic acid, periodic acid, perbromic acid, and periodic acid to be strong acids. If the ability to donate protons is used as the primary criterion for acid strength, then the strong acids (from strongest to weakest) would be: H[SbF6]Â  (fluoroantimonic acid)FSO3HSbF5Â  (magic acid)H(CHB11Cl11)Â  (carborane superacid)FSO3HÂ  (fluorosulfuric acid)CF3SO3HÂ  (triflic acid) These are the superacids, which are defined as acids that are more acidic than 100% sulfuric acid. The superacids permanently protonate water. Factors That Determine Acid Strength You may be wondering why the strong acids dissociate so well, or why certain weak acids do not completely ionize. A few factors come into play: atomic radius - As the atomic radius increases, so does acidity. For example, HI is a stronger acid than HCl (iodine is a larger atom than chlorine).electronegativity - The more electronegative a conjugate base in the same period of the periodic table is (A-), the more acidic it is.electrical charge - The more positive the charge on an atom, the higher its acidity. In other words, its easier to take a proton from a neutral species than from one with a negative charge.equilibrium - When an acid dissociates, equilibrium is reached with its conjugate base. In the case of strong acids, the equilibrium strongly favors the product or is to the right of a chemical equation. The conjugate base of a strong acid is much weaker than water as a base.solvent - In most applications, strong acids are discussed in relation to water as a solvent. However, acidity and basicity have meaning in nonaqueous solvent. For example, in liquid ammonia, acetic acid ionizes completely and may be considered a str ong acid, even though it is a weak acid in water.

Comunication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Comunication - Essay Example It is also advisable for one to look people directly in the eye when communicating. Eye contacts in communication convey truth as well as honor. It is also good to ask questions before ending a conversation so as to clarify on some points that were not clear. Writing things down is also part of communication; writing helps one to remember a lot. Additionally, it is advisable for one to read whole messages or mails in order to avoid concluding things in the wrong way. Health care environment is associated with diverse communication between health care practitioners and patients as well as patients and nurses. As a result of this, effective communication is crucial. Team collaboration is also paramount to all activities that take place within a health-center. In most occasions, lack of communication results to medical errors; unfortunately, medical errors are a pervasive problem in many health care organizations (Finkelman, 2012). The errors are also the main causing agents for the deaths in healthcare organizations. Since medical education advocates error-free practices, it is crucial for health care professionals to be good in communication as well as to have good communication

For-Profit Colleges and Universities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

For-Profit Colleges and Universities - Essay Example rt in providing admission to all desired candidates, for-profit institutes were the second best option left for students to pursue their desired courses. For-profit institutes provide ample choices in the matter of class-timings, anytime admissions, provision of online options, small strength of class and accessible locations. For such students who are pursuing jobs, doing part-time jobs, or having children, for-profit colleges and universities seem to be the viable option (NCSL, 2013). The trend for for-profit colleges was started by John Sperling, a humanities professor at San Jose University from 1961 to 1973. He started remedial reading classes for Mexican Americans and courses in social issues for police personnel. Going against the education norms, he started similar other programs for the for-profit University of Phoenix, presently online and the largest U.S. university, with nearly 500,000 students. Sperling and his supporters changed the mom-and-pop trade school scenario into a $30 billion industry by roping in such investors as Washington Post Co. and Goldman Sachs Group Inc. For-profit colleges give admissions to 12 percent of U.S. undergraduates and use 24 percent of U.S. Pell grants for poor students (Golden, 2010, Dec. 29). Sperling supports for-profit colleges for providing the opportunity to low-income people to attain degrees and jobs. His reaction to the administration’s â€Å"onerous† initiatives was that it â€Å"would make it impossible for the sector to offer many programs† that help students to become teachers, nurses and police officers, and â€Å"would have a devastating impact on institutions that enroll low-income students.† Thus, Sperling and his supporters have set the stage for opposing government regulation and starting a fight between the Obama administration and the rising Republicans (Golden, 2010, Dec. 29). Stakeholders of the larger society need to view the traditional economic theory, which shows that profit-making is not an

What Does a Study of Scandinavian Experience Tell Us about the Essay

What Does a Study of Scandinavian Experience Tell Us about the Relationship between Globalisation and the Welfare State - Essay Example As the report declares neoliberal argumentations show that an open economy, as well as a global market where the forces of the market will make the rules, will â€Å"compel all States to converge towards a neoliberal political system which will involve significant cutbacks in States' market interventions as well as the renunciation of States' commitment to redistribution and equality†. In this sense, liberal economic principles, as are present in a global economic environment, will need to be adopted and adapted by the states as well in their programs. This discussion researches that with strict reference to the Swedish model, some show that the model is in a significant crisis and that this crisis has started and continued during the 90s. The explanation for this crisis would be concluding the need for a state to remain competitive in the 21st century, alongside the private actors. The reason for this bears the economic justification of competition: a foreign investor is much more likely to choose a state where the economic policies the state has implemented are more permissive, less aggressive, more flexible. Why choose a state where you would have to pay an additional salary in taxes for each of your employees, when you can choose a country with a permissive legislative system and a location where you could trim your human resource related costs as close to 0 as possible? Globalization is often associated with a diminishment in state sovereignty as private actors.

Public Attitudes Towards Asylum Seekers Sociology Essay

Public Attitudes Towards Asylum Seekers Sociology Essay Immigrant Killer, Paedo Asylum Seeker, Asylum perv. Just three examples from the 1415 asylum and immigration articles reported in The Sun from 2003 to 2007. Is it any wonder that the general publics opinions on such issues are generally very prejudice. In 1951, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) was established by the Refugee Convention, which gave a definition of a refugee. It states that a refugee is someone who is outside the country of their nationality, and is unable to, or unwilling to, avail themselves to the protection of that country due to a fear of being persecuted because of associations with race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion (UNHCR 2001-2013a). Although often confused, an asylum seeker is in contrast, someone who says they are a refugee but their claim for asylum has not yet been definitively evaluated. Therefore they are someone who is seeking asylum/refuge but their status is not yet confirm ed (UNHCR 2001-2013b). The mass media creates panic amongst the public through the false or misleading stories which cast asylum seekers in a negative light. The mass media industry is one of the most powerful sources of providing information on a large scale, and has been utilised throughout history as a tool to appeal to large public audiences. Eldridge (1997, p65) states that The media, wittingly or unwittingly, reproduces the definitions of the powerful. Suggesting that the media feeds information to the public making society believe what the powerful bodies what them to believe. However, there is a shared relationship between newspapers and their audiences. This means that the papers report on what they assume the people think, supporting and reinforcing general attitudes on strong issues. This in turn sets off a chain reaction where escalation of reflection and enhancement buries the truth and reality under myth and prejudice. Cohen (1972) coined the term Moral Panic to which he describes the media a s causing extra or unwarranted worry to society about particular values and principles that may already be a turning the issue into a national catastrophe. Cohen (1972, p9) describes the features of a moral panic to be a condition, episode, person or group of persons who become defined as a threat to societal values and interests. This essay will look at the moral panics created by the media towards the issue of immigration and asylum seekers and assess the extent to which public attitudes towards asylum seekers and refugees are a reflection of negative and hostile media reportings of migration issues. An interest in public attitudes towards immigration, asylum seekers and refugees has been around for several decades. However, Finney and Peach (2004) argues that it wasnt until the immigration dispersal policy was put in place in 2000, and the introduction of policies for accommodation centres, that a concern for public attitudes was amplified. Jowell and Airey (1984) suggest that the first survey on social attitudes in the UK came from the 1983 British Social Attitudes Survey. It was launched to collect attitudes on social, economic, political and moral issues including race and immigration, in the UK. From this report Airey (1984) found that there was a considerable amount of opposition in the UK in the 1980s towards ethnic minorities and race differences, with 60% of participants wanting less Asian and Black settlers, 90% believed there was racial discrimination in Britain against these two categories. Surprisingly 40% of people described themselves as being intolerant towards et hnic minorities. Young (1992) found that the 1994 British Social Attitudes Survey produced similar results. For example 60% of respondents still wanted less Asian and Black immigration throughout the 1990s.This is supported by results found in the 2011 British Social Attitudes Survey, 75% of respondents wanted a reduction in immigration overall and 51% wanting a large reduction in immigration (Park et el, 2012, p26). However, Crawley (2005) states that surveys such as this, often assume that the public have some level of knowledge about the issue. When in fact misleading questions may ill inform the public and therefore disfigure their attitudes on asylum seekers and refugee issues. The amplification of the interest in immigration and asylum may reflect the actual increase in the number of immigrants entering the UK. As the net flow of migrants into Britain over the last 15 years being the largest in British history, (Park et al, 2012, p26) but the increase in media coverage is huge ly disproportionate to the numbers of immigrants coming into the country. Public attitudes towards asylum seekers and refugees are a reflection of negative and hostile media reporting of migration issues, especially when those media sources are mainstream television broadcasters. Prime examples of how the media represents public attitudes is the 2001, Channel 4 programme named Bloody Foreigners. The Andrew Smith production investigated British attitudes towards asylum seekers and Immigrants living and working in the UK. Hardcashproductions.com (n.d) summarises the production as, an exposà © of the culture of how asylum seekers are physically and verbally abused on a daily basis due to pretence of xenophobia. Programmes such as this reflect and reinforce the hostility and attitudes of the British public toward asylum seekers and immigrants. By broadcasting such programmes the media is not only displaying existing negativities of public attitudes, it also encourages other members of the public to obtain these views which are becoming ever increasingly antag onistic. Public attitudes are often negative and hostile towards asylum seekers, due to the little amount of research that has been done to inform the public about how the complex asylum system works, and how issues surrounding asylum and immigration receive no compassion or sympathy. Reputable broadcasters such as the BBC try to report on the facts to try and make the public aware of what happens in the Asylum process and how Asylum Seekers and immigrants feel and are treated. This is particularly shown on the BBCs Asylum day in July 2003. The BBC ran several programmes including face the nation. On this programme Beverley Hughes, the minister for asylum and immigration at the time, faced the nation to debate some of the issues raised on the day (BBC News Online, 2003a). This programme brought out some very conflicting opinions from the public on the issues of Asylum and immigration. One such opinion is I am appalled by the way that some sections of our press demonise asylum seekers when the y themselves have not suffered the terrible hardships that these people have gone through. (Haworth, 2003). An extreme conflicting argument was expressed by Colemen (2003) How dare you allow these people in to our country? How dare you let them exploit our failing NHS? How dare you allow them to exploit our benefits system?. These two conflicting opinions show the difficulty and complexity of the public in understanding a complex issue. You the judge was another programme broadcasted. This depicted an interactive programme where audiences stepped into the roles of immigration officials to discuss real life immigration cases. However, it was argued by the immigration officer Minister Beverly Hughes that this programme turned the issue of asylum into a gameshow (BBC News Online, 2003b), making the asylum process more of a way to entice audiences rather than actually trying to educate the public of how complex the process can be. The most controversial programme aired on the day, was a panorama special The Asylum game. Where reporters posed as immigrants to see what happens as they pass through the complicated asylum process. The report details the reasons why there are so many people seek asylum in the UK and how and why the UK system is flawed and cannot cope with them (BBC news online, 2003c). The home secretary at the time of this broadcast, David Blunkett, accused the panorama programme as uncritically using claims from the right-ring anti-immigration pressure group, Migration Watch (BBC news online, 2003d). This suggests the BBC didnt take into account the reasons behind the complexities considering why things appeared to be flawed and just reported on figures. News papers and online news sources can also be a reflection of negative and hostile public attitudes. One such online source is the BBC. The BBC is known for displaying the accurate facts on certain issues in a way that attracts the attention of the reader. The headlines expressed, regard immigration as a real world issue, rather than influencing the public to create false perceptions around immigration issues. Headlines such as Romania Rejects British Scrounger Stereotype (BBC News, Morris, 2013) and Boston Protest Held over Immigration Levels (BBC News, 2012), do not use emotive language to draw the reader in. They simply state what has happened and then go on to further report the incidents in more detail within the article. In a further article Asylum seeker Assaulted on Plane During Deportation (BBC News, Eckleford, 2013), an account of the injuries through an interview with the victim is reported, but no conclusions about what happened and why are stated. It simply reports tha t several agencies were being involved and investigating the incident. Other liberal newspaper sources e.g. The Guardian express a balanced stance on issues of asylum seekers and refugees, in order to present their audience with the facts. The Guardian tends to report on the politics side of immigration, issues that are causing government concern leading to policy changes. Headlines such as David Cameron: Justice for all unless youre an immigrant (Jowit, 2013a) draws the attention of the reader, and in the article goes onto say that legal support and aid will be axed from April 2013 and a revision of other systems, housing, health and benefit will stop Britain being a Soft touch when it comes to immigration issues. This could be seen as a purely political move in order to keep voters happy, as the media have always implied that Britain is too soft when it comes to immigration issues. This is an example of where the media can not only influence public attitudes but can influence policy making at state level too. Negative and hostile media and public att itudes towards particular ethnic groups are not reflected by all members of the general public. The UKs approach to Bulgarian and Romanian immigration makes me sick with shame (Hanson, 2013) is one example of a recent headline that displays opposite views to migration issues. There have always been conflicting views on sensitive issues regarding asylum seekers and refugees. Opinions reflected in articles may then encourage and influence the general public attitudes towards these immigrants in a harmful and aggressive way. Immigrants are too often taking advantage of UK public services, says Cameron (Jowit, 2013b), this headline suggests that the government are hostile towards migrants which could filter down through the media causing the public to hold the same views as the government, and therefore view immigration in the same negative light. Although many articles express the disappointment towards the government and the UK public on wider immigration issues, they can also be tied towards issues on asylum seekers and refugees, as they are often confused to be economic migrants. Buchanan et al (2003) found that the most conspicuous features of the media coverage of the asylum issue is the confusion generated by the inaccurate use of language, the media often confuses immigrants and asylum seekers within the same article, leading to the public also holding confused views. This is because the British population do not see the reasons behind the people coming into the UK seeing them as just another statistic. They do not give asylum seekers a voice and therefore they are all targeted and branded the same by the mean, tight-ward, mendacious, xenophobic and bad mannered society we have (Hanson, 2013). The media demonstrates, reinforces and maybe even influences the negativities surrounding the immigration and asylum debate in Britain. Certain types of published media are staggeringly hypocritical on sensitive issues such as immigration and asylum, in order to influence public attitudes, for example tabloid newspapers such as, The Sun. Headlines such as Swan Bake (The Sun 2011) and Now their nicking fish (Diggines, 2007) accuse asylum seekers as being gangs plundering and snaring creatures from rivers to slaughter and eat (Diggens, 2007; The Sun, 2011). This negative and hostile media report, of what turned out to be a made up story of an innocent event, caused public outrage, creating an ever increasing antagonistic view by the public towards asylum seekers and refugees. This is supported by Mollard (2001) who found that most of the 253 news items she examined were negative in nature and had been partially based on false assumptions about asylum seekers which sustained a high leve l of hostility. Medic (2004) investigated the claim by The Sun and found that the police could not confirm any arrests, charges or cautions over the event and an unfaithful transcript of an interviewees words was used. In addition, it could not be confirmed that an incident described by The Sun ever happened. This story influenced the general public to believe that asylum seekers are selfish cruel animal killers that have no respect for English culture and monarchy heritage. Asylum seekers are characterised as being criminals and are entrapped by the criminal justice system of a host country resulting in a system that is punitive rather than protective (Amnesty International, 1999). However, they are not criminals but are treated as such being imprisoned you cannot be trusted to live freely because you are a cheat (Kundnani, 2001, P45). They are not seen as people who need help and refuge they are seen and treated as people who are a threat to host countries. A statement in The Suns article Taken to the Cleaners reported by Lister (2007), Most of us are hard-working taxpayers yet these people live in luxury compared to us. I wish I could afford to go to a gym and have a personal laundry service and cleaner suggests that confusion in the general public between immigrants, asylum seekers and refugees is reflected and reinforced in the media and classing them all as cheats, money grabbers and illegals. Rather than finding out about their personnel circumstances in the countries of origin. Buchanan et al (2003) also found that news articles regarding asylum issues often fail to provide a context for the articles by not effectively explaining the background issues and reasons for their flight. Refugees and asylum seekers face extreme difficulties, not just in the uncertainties about their future in a country, but when they arrive and live in host countries. Race and racism can become a big issue in the lives of these people. The policies on immigration can be seen as quite racist by large groups of people and therefore public attitudes towards asylum seekers and refugees are a reflection of negative and hostile media reporting of migration issues. Racism is reproduced by the mass media giving it a broad public exposure (Smitherson-Donaldson, 1988). It is a big issue faced by asylum seekers and refugees and gets a huge amount of media attention. Between January 2010 and March 2013, 2460 racism articles were published by the more conservative Daily Mail, it must be said that not all of these articles are based directly on asylum seekers and refugees, but it goes to show the importance of a contemporary issue and the influence the media can hold over publishing such articles. Buchanans (2003) study looked at how the story of Sangatte became central to the immigration and asylum debate in the media. It showed that the media reported on the negative attributes to rising numbers of asylum seekers and the ways, in which they arrived in Britain, allegations were made against the loss of control over UK borders and the treatment of refugees in comparison to British citizens. This is seen in further issues expressed in the Daily Mail, in particular is the reporting of so many headline figures about refugees and asylum seekers. Up to 80,000 bogus asylum seekers granted amnesty' Slack (2006), Migration IS killing off jobs: 160,000 Britons have missed out on employment because work was taken by foreigners (Slack, 2012) Enough illegal migrants to fill three cities the size of Newcastle: Home Office reports that 863,000 are living in the UK. These three headlines suggest that the amount of migration of asylum seekers and refugees is staggeringly high, which will in fluence and may already reflect the publics perceptions of a large amount of immigration into the UK. However when these numbers are put into context by more reliable sources such as the UNHCR (2001-2013c) who state that in 2011 the UK was the eighth largest recipient of asylum seekers with 25,455 considerably behind that of the USA who receive USA 76,000 and Africa where one tenth of asylum seekers go. In conclusion, the main aim of the media is to sell papers in order to generate profits. Therefore, it comes to no surprise that headlines and stories are exaggerated, falsified and even made up in order to attract the reader to buy more copies of the particular newspaper. Controversies about their articles will always be present as conservative and liberal political views will always be conflicting. Public attitudes towards asylum seekers and refugees are reflected, enhanced and even produced by negative and hostile media reporting of migration issues, due to the powerful nature of media devices. A lack of education, about the facts of asylum and immigration, of the general public cause media reports to become huge societal problems and issues, which, in turn, can lead to the backing up of racist views that have always been held in society. However, this lack of education stems from the media twisting the facts and not distinguishing between different types of migration in their art icles, leading to a view that all migration is bad. Therefore, a vicious circle is created and public attitudes towards such issues are warped and twisted to reflect those of the media. Word Count: 2989