Analysing Sources Of Theology

Analysing Sources Of Theology Theology is the progress of exploration and thinking that leads to the interpretation of doctrines. Theology is progress rather than result. The result is doctrine. Good theology draws upon a number of sources. There has been significant discussion within the Christian belief with reference to the identity of these sources, also their relative importance for theological analysis. Generally speaking, important sources have been recognized within Christian theology: Scripture, reason, tradition, experience and creation. Each of these sources has a distinct role to make good theology. Also another important main source of Christian theology is Jesus Christ. I will discuss how Immanuel and the Purpose of Creation uses these sources, and whether this is good theology. The first major source of theology is Scripture. Scripture is recognized as authoritative for Christian theology. Most Christians agree with the authority of Scripture, because this is a foundational Christian theology. Also God comes to us through Scripture. It is the foundation and norm for all Christian preaching and teaching. In Wilkins, the author mentions New Testament references of Immanuel (14 evidences in the New Testament). However, there is a only one the Old Testament Scripture mentioned (Proverbs 8:30-31). The Immanuel in the article means, God with us (Matt 1: 28). There are several references in the Old Testament not mentioned in the article regarding this concept: Isaiah 63:11, Micah 3:8; Haggai 2:5 mention that Gods Spirit dwells within his people. And also in the book of Judges, there are many Judges who live with God. The Old Testament is a preparation for God with us in the coming of Christ. The author does not mention any of this, but only mentions the Incarnatio n Jesus. The second major source of theology is reason. This assumed an exceptional importance, and the significance of reason for Christian theology has always been recognized. In the article, there are several theologians ideas: Thomas Aquinas; John Calvin; Jim Packer; Duns Scotus; Colin Gunton. But the problem is that they have different views of the Incarnation. Thomas Aquinas says, There was no cause of Christs coming into the world except to save sinners. But John Calvin says, Even though there had been no need of his interposition to redeem the human race, would still have become man. It seems to face two choices: either Jesus becomes incarnate for sinner, or Jesus becomes incarnate for his people no matter what the reason. It makes it confusing and difficult to understand. According to Olsons thinking, reason is logic, the rule of non-contradiction. However, this article seems to ignore this. The third major source is tradition. Tradition is the consensual belief of the Church that began to be developed in the second and third centuries. Theology is based upon Scripture, and tradition refers to a traditional way of interpreting Scripture. The article only quotes Catholic and Protestant theology to comment on Calvin who was a well-known Reformer. The author does not reflect enough voices of the Christian community. Tradition is the consensus of Christian faith in common belief. We need to access it as the voice of the Christian community to understand tradition. If we follow the authority of any one theologian or part of the Christian community blindly, this is not a good model of tradition. The fourth major source of theology is experience. Experience is the human experience, not personal experience, particularly the religious experience in the Christian community. Experience is the most uncomfortable and unclear source. Nevertheless, experience has to provide a foundational source for Christian theology, and Christian theology provides an interpretive outline within human experience.The author mentions ecofeminism. Ecofeminism is a social and political movement somewhere between environmentalism and feminism. However, this is not the full human experience but only this one particular experience. Furthermore it is not religious experience. The fifth major source of theology is creation. Creation is that work of the triune God. The article suggests that the Incarnation was Gods purpose for creation to join it in his son, and the Incarnation God is directly involved in the sufferings of his creation. However, Karl Barth says This becoming cannot be brought into connection with creation. It cannot be regarded as one of its evolutionary possibilitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Gods Word becoming a creature must be regarded as a new creationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ it is a sovereign divine act, and it is an act of lordship different from creation. Hence, God and Jesus are not prisoners, but they are redeemers. The author expresses the Incarnation only as the pain of Creation. Jesus is not just a creature. however, Jesus is also the Creator. This article, therefore, underestimates Jesus the Creator in the Incarnation. Lastly, good theology is centred on Jesus Christ. Jesus says I am the way, the truth, and the life .No one comes to the Father except through me (John 14:6). There is no way to know God except through Jesus Christ, if there is a way to know God except through Jesus Christ, this is not the truth. Our purpose to study theology is to know the way, the truth and the life of Jesus. Jesus Christ is the lens to see God. Wilkins says Christ is the completion of all Gods revelation in the past. This article mentions Pauls declaration there is but one Lord, Jesus Christ, through whom all things came and through whom we live (1Cor 8:6). Wilkins indicates the importance of the immense basis of the linking of Christ and creation. From this point of view, this article embraces good theological point. In conclusion, Olson says A Christian theology is one that arises out of Scripture and points to Jesus Christ, is generally consistent with the consensual tradition of Christian thought, and is logically coherent with other Christian beliefs and illumines the shared experience of Christians. Good theology is reasonable. It also speaks from a biblical understanding of God, Human, and the Creation. Good theology is not fixed to a single Christian belief. Good theology does not break a balance, it speaks effectively to all. In addition, good theology tells every portion of human experience. It includes economics, science, philosophy, politics, history, and so on. Most of all, Jesus is the main character and hero in good theology. This article does not show us a good balance among these sources well, and also it is not easy to understand. Nevertheless, this article is centred in Jesus Christ as main character and hero. Hence, this article holds enough qualification to be called good theo logy.

Learning strategies Essay

Learning or instructional strategies determine the approach for achieving the learning objectives and are included in the pre-instructional activities, information presentation, learner activities, testing, and follow-through. The strategies are usually tied to the needs and interests of students to enhance learning and are based on many types of learning styles (Ekwensi, Moranski, &Townsend-Sweet, 2006). Thus the learning objectives point you towards the instructional strategies, while the instructional strategies will point you to the medium that will actually deliver the instruction, such as elearning, self-study, classroom, or OJT. However, do not fall into the trap of using only one medium when designing your course. . . use a blended approach. Although some people use the terms interchangeably, objectives, strategies, and media, all have separate meanings. For example, your learning objective might be â€Å"Pull the correct items for a customer order;† the instructional strategies are a demonstration, have a question and answer period, and then receive hands-on practice by actually performing the job, while the media might be a combination of elearning and OJT. The Instructional Strategy Selection Chart shown below is a general guideline for selecting the learning strategy. It is based on Bloom’s Taxonomy (Learning Domains). The matrix generally runs from the passive learning methods (top rows) to the more active participation methods (bottom rows. Bloom’s Taxonomy (the right three columns) runs from top to bottom, with the lower level behaviors being on top and the higher behaviors being on the bottom. That is, there is a direct correlation in learning: Lower levels of performance can normally be taught using the more passive learning methods. Higher levels of performance usually require some sort of action or involvement by the learners. Instructional Strategy Selection Chart Instructional Strategy Cognitive Domain (Bloom, 1956) Affective Domain (Krathwohl, Bloom, & Masia, 1973) Psychomotor Domain (Simpson, 1972) Lecture, reading, audio/visual, demonstration, or guided observations, question and answer period 1. Knowledge 1. Receiving phenomena 1. Perception 2. Set Discussions, multimedia CBT, Socratic didactic method, reflection. Activities such as surveys, role playing, case studies, fishbowls, etc. 2. Comprehension 3. Application 2. Responding to phenomena 3. Guided response 4. Mechanism On-the-Job-Training (OJT), practice by doing (some direction or coaching is required), simulated job settings (to include CBT simulations) 4. Analysis 3. Valuing 5. Complex response Use in real situations. Also may be trained by using several high level activities coupled with OJT. 5. Synthesis 4. Organize values into priorities 6. Adaptation Normally developed on own (informal learning) through self-study or learning through mistakes, but mentoring and coaching can speed the process. 6. Evaluation 5. Internalizing values 7. Origination The chart does not cover all possibilities, but most activities should fit in. For example, self-study could fall under reading, audio visual, and/or activities, depending upon the type of program you design Instructional Skills: What are Instructional Skills? Instructional skills are the most specific category of teaching behaviors. They are necessary for procedural purposes and for structuring appropriate learning experiences for students. A variety of instructional skills and processes exist. Explaining Demonstrating Questioning Questioning Techniques Levels of Questions Wait Time Explaining The teacher spends much classroom time explaining or demonstrating something to the whole class, a small group, or an individual. Student resource materials typically do not provide extensive explanations of concepts, and students often need a demonstration in order to understand procedures. Demonstrating The teacher spends much classroom time explaining or demonstrating something to the whole class, a small group, or an individual. Student resource materials typically do not provide extensive explanations of concepts, and students often need a demonstration in order to understand procedures. Questioning Among the instructional skills, questioning holds a place of prominence in many classrooms. When questioning is used well: a high degree of student participation occurs as questions are widely distributed; an appropriate mix of low and high level cognitive questions is used; student understanding is increased; student thinking is stimulated, directed, and extended; feedback and appropriate reinforcement occur;students’ critical thinking abilities are honed; and, student creativity is fostered. Questioning Technique The teacher should begin by obtaining the attention of the students before the question is asked. The question should be addressed to the entire class before a specific student is asked to respond. Calls for responses should be distributed among volunteers and non-volunteers, and the teacher should encourage students to speak to the whole class when responding. However, the teacher must be sensitive to each student’s willingness to speak publically and never put a student on the spot. Levels of Questions While the need for factual recall or comprehension must be recognized, teachers also need to challenge students with higher level questions requiring analysis, synthesis, or evaluation. The consideration of level is applicable at all grade levels and in all subject areas. All students need the opportunity to think about and respond to all levels of questions. Teacher probes or requests for clarification may be required to move students to higher levels of thinking and deeper levels of understanding. Wait Time  Wait time is defined as the pause between asking the question and soliciting a response. Providing additional wait time after a student response also allows all students to reflect on the response prior to further discussion. Increased wait time results in longer student responses, more appropriate unsolicited responses, more student questions, and increased higher order responses. It should be noted that increased wait time is beneficial for students who speak English as a second language or English as a second dialect. Instructional Strategies: 1. Direct instruction 2. Indirect instruction 3. Interactive instruction 4. Independent study 5. Experiential learning 1. What is Direct Instruction? The Direct instruction strategy is highly teacher-directed and is among the most commonly used. This strategy is effective for providing information or developing step-by-step skills. It also works well for introducing other teaching methods, or actively involving students in knowledge construction. Possible Methods Structured Overview Lecture Explicit Teaching Drill & Practice Compare & Contrast Didactic Questions. Demonstrations Guided & Shared – reading, listening, viewing, thinking What is Structured Overview? Structured Overview is verbal, visual or written summary or outline of a topic. It can occur at the beginning of a unit, module or new concept, or it may be used to help relate a learned idea to the big picture. A Structured Overview distills difficult or complex idea into simple definitions or explanation, and then shows how all the information relates. It is the process of â€Å"organizing and arranging topics† to make them more meaningful. What is Lecture? Lecture is a valuable part of a teacher’s instructional repertoire if it is not used when other methods would be more effective. If the presenter is knowledgeable, perceptive, engaging, and motivating, then lecture can stimulate reflection, challenge the imagination, and develop curiosity and a sense of inquiry. Criteria for the selection of the lecture method should include the types of experiences students will be afforded and the kinds of learning outcomes expected. Because lecture is teacher-centred and student activity is mainly passive, the attention span of students may be limited. Many students, because of learning style preferences, may not readily assimilate lecture content. In addition, lectured content is often rapidly forgotten. What is Explicit Teaching? Explicit teaching involves directing student attention toward specific learning in a highly structured environment. It is teaching that is focused on producing specific learning outcomes. Topics and contents are broken down into small parts and taught individually. It involves explanation, demonstration and practise. Children are provided with guidance and structured frameworks. Topics are taught in a logical order and directed by the teacher. Another important characteristic of explicit teaching involves modeling skills and behaviours and modelling thinking. This involves the teacher thinking out loud when working through problems and demonstrating processes for students. The attention of students is important and listening and observation are key to success. What is Drill & Practice? As an instructional strategy, drill & practice is familiar to all educators. It â€Å"promotes the acquisition of knowledge or skill through repetitive practice. † It refers to small tasks such as the memorization of spelling or vocabulary words, or the practicing of arithmetic facts and may also be found in more supplicated learning tasks or physical education games and sports. Drill-and-practice, like memorization, involves repetition of specific skills, such as addition and subtraction, or spelling. To be meaningful to learners, the skills built through drill-and-practice should become the building blocks for more meaningful learning. What is Compare & Contrast? Compare and Contrast is used to highlight similarities and differences between to things. It is a process where the act of classification is practiced. It is effectively used in conjunction with indirect instructional methods, but can also be used directly to teach vocabulary signals, classification, nomenclature and key characteristics. It is often presented in either written text paragraphs or a chart. Its most common use is as a graphic organizer of content. What are Didactic Questions? Didactic questioning offers the teacher a way to structure the learning process (McNeil & Wiles, 1990). Didactic questions tend to be convergent, factual, and often begin with â€Å"what,† â€Å"where,† â€Å"when,† and â€Å"how. † They can be effectively used to diagnose recall and comprehension skills, to draw on prior learning experiences, to determine the extent to which lesson objectives were achieved, to provide practice, and to aid retention of information or processes. Teachers should remember that didactic questions can be simplistic, can encourage guessing, and can discourage insightful answers or creativity. However, effectiveness of this method can be increased by the appropriate addition of â€Å"why† questions, and the occasional use of â€Å"what if† questions. What is Demonstration? A method of teaching by example rather than simple explanation What are Guided and Share? Prioritizes intrinsic motivation and helps students to become more engaged in learning experiences through connecting their beliefs and life goals to curricular requirements 2. What is Indirect Instruction? In contrast to the direct instruction strategy, indirect instruction is mainly student-centered, although the two strategies can complement each other. Indirect instruction seeks a high level of student involvement in observing, investigating, drawing inferences from data, or forming hypotheses. It takes advantage of students’ interest and curiosity, often encouraging them to generate alternatives or solve problems. In indirect instruction, the role of the teacher shifts from lecturer/director to that of facilitator, supporter, and resource person. The teacher arranges the learning environment, provides opportunity for student involvement, and, when appropriate, provides feedback to students while they conduct the inquiry (Martin, 1983). Possible Methods Problem Solving Case Studies Reading for Meaning Inquiry Reflective Discussion Writing to Inform Concept Formation Concept Mapping. Concept Attainment Cloze Procedure What is Problem Solving? There are two major types of problem solving – reflective and creative. Regardless of the type of problem solving a class uses, problem solving focuses on knowing the issues, considering all possible factor and finding a solution. Because all ideas are accepted initially, problem solving allows for finding the best possible solution as opposed to the easiest solution or the first solution proposed. What are Case Studies? Case studies are stories or scenarios, often in narrative form, created and used as a tool for analysis and discussion. They have a long tradition of use in higher education particularly in business and law. Cases are often based on actual events which adds a sense of urgency or reality. Case studies have elements of simulations but the students are observers rather than participants. A good case has sufficient detail to necessitate research and to stimulate analysis from a variety of viewpoints or perspectives. They place the learner in the position of problem solver. Students become actively engaged in the materials discovering underlying issues, dilemmas and conflict issues. What is Reading for Meaning? Children become curious about printed symbols once they recognize that print, like talk, conveys meaningful messages that direct, inform or entertain people. By school age, many children are eager to continue their exploration of print. One goal of this curriculum is to develop fluent and proficient readers who are knowledgeable about the reading process. What is Inquiry? Inquiry learning provides opportunities for students to experience and acquire processes through which they can gather information about the world. This requires a high level of interaction among the learner, the teacher,the area of study, available resources, and the learning environment. Students become actively involved in the learning process as they: act upon their curiosity and interests; develop questions; think their way through controversies or dilemmas; look at problems analytically; inquire into their preconceptions and what they already know; develop, clarify, and test hypotheses; and, draw inferences and generate possible solutions. Questioning is the heart of inquiry learning. Students must ask relevant questions and develop ways to search for answers and generate explanations. Emphasis is placed upon the process of thinking as this applies to student interaction with issues, data, topics, concepts, materials, and problems. What is Reflective Discussion ? Reflective discussions encourage students to think and talk about what they have observed, heard or read. The teacher or student initiates the discussion by asking a question that requires students to reflect upon and interpret films, experiences, read or recorded stories, or illustrations. As students question and recreate information and events in a film or story, they clarify their thoughts and feelings. The questions posed should encourage students to relate story content to life experiences and to other stories. These questions will elicit personal interpretations and feelings. Interpretations will vary, but such variances demonstrate that differences of opinion are valuable. What is Writing to Inform? Writing that reports information to others can vary greatly in content and format. Many learning experiences culminate in expository or informative writing activities. Students must have opportunities to read a variety of resources and printed materials for information. During writing, students can apply their knowledge of the structures and formats of these materials to organize and convey information. What is Concept Formation ? Concept formation provides students with an opportunity to explore ideas by making connections and seeing relationships between items of information. This method can help students develop and refine their ability to recall and discriminate among key ideas, to see commonalities and identify relationships, to formulate concepts and generalizations, to explain how they have organized data, and to present evidence to support their organization of the data involved. What are Concept Maps? A concept map is a special form of a web diagram for exploring knowledge and gathering and sharing information. Concept mapping is the strategy employed to develop a concept map. A concept map consists of nodes or cells that contain a concept, item or question and links. The links are labeled and denote direction with an arrow symbol. The labeled links explain the relationship between the nodes. The arrow describes the direction of the relationship and reads like a sentence. What is Concept Attainment? Concept Attainment is an indirect instructional strategy that uses a structured inquiry process. It is based on the work of Jerome Bruner. In concept attainment, students figure out the attributes of a group or category that has already been formed by the teacher. To do so, students compare and contrast examples that contain the attributes of the concept with examples that do not contain those attributes. They then separate them into two groups. Concept attainment, then, is the search for and identification of attributes that can be used to distinguish examples of a given group or category from non-examples. What is Cloze Procedure? Cloze procedure is a technique in which words are deleted from a passage according to a word-count formula or various other criteria. The passage is presented to students, who insert words as they read to complete and construct meaning from the text. This procedure can be used as a diagnostic reading assessment technique. It is used: to identify students’ knowledge and understanding of the reading process to determine which cueing systems readers effectively employ to construct meaning from print to assess the extent of students’ vocabularies and knowledge of a subject to encourage students to monitor for meaning while reading  to encourage students to think critically and analytically about text and content 3. What is Experiential Learning? Experiential learning is inductive, learner centered, and activity oriented. Personalized reflection about an experience and the formulation of plans to apply learning to other contexts are critical factors in effective experiential learning. The emphasis in experiential learning is on the process of learning and not on the product. Experiential learning can be viewed as a cycle consisting of five phases, all of which are necessary: experiencing (an activity occurs);sharing or publishing (reactions and observations are shared); analysing or processing (patterns and dynamics are determined);inferring or generalizing (principles are derived); and, applying (plans are made to use learning in new situations). Possible Methods Field Trips Narratives Conducting Experiments Simulations Games Storytelling Focused Imaging Field Observations Role-playing Model Building Surveys What are Field Trips? A field trip is a structured activity that occurs outside the classroom. It can be a brief observational activity or a longer more sustained investigation or project. While field trips take considerable organization, it is important to: be clear about what the field trip will accomplish prepare students for the learning have a debriefing session for students to share their learning when they return to the classroom What are Narratives? Narrative essays are told from a defined point of view, often the author’s, so there is feeling as well as specific and often sensory details provided to get the reader involved in the elements and sequence of the story. What are Conducting Experiments? Is an orderly procedure carried out with the goal of verifying, refuting, or establishing the validity of a hypothesis. Experiments provide insight into cause-and-effect by demonstrating what outcome occurs when a particular factor is manipulated. What are Simulations? A simulation is a form of experiential learning. Simulations are instructional scenarios where the learner is placed in a â€Å"world† defined by the teacher. They represent a reality within which students interact. The teacher controls the parameters of this â€Å"world† and uses it to achieve the desired instructional results. Simulations are in way, a lab experiment where the students themselves are the test subjects. They experience the reality of the scenario and gather meaning from it. It is a strategy that fits well with the principles of constructivism. Simulations promote the use of critical and evaluative thinking. The ambiguous or open ended nature of a simulation encourages students to contemplate the implications of a scenario. The situation feels real and thus leads to more engaging interaction by learners. They are motivating activities enjoyed by students of all ages. What are Games? Is structured playing, usually undertaken for enjoyment and sometimes used as  an educational tool. Games are distinct from work, which is usually carried out for remuneration, and from art, which is more often an expression of aesthetic or ideological elements. What is Storytelling? Is the conveying of events in words, and images, often by improvisation or embellishment. Stories or narratives have been shared in every culture as a means of entertainment, education, cultural preservation, and instilling moral values. Crucial elements of stories and storytelling include plot, characters, and narrative point of view. What is Focused Imaging? Imaging, the process of internally visualizing an object, event, or situation, has the potential to nurture and enhance a student’s creativity (Bagley & Hess, 1987). Imaging enables students to relax and allow their imaginations to take them on journeys, to â€Å"experience† situations first hand, and to respond with their senses to the mental images formed. What are Field Observations? The process of filtering sensory information through the thought process. Input is received via hearing, sight, smell, taste, or touch and then analyzed through either rational or irrational thought. What is Role Playing? In role playing, students act out characters in a predefined â€Å"situation†. Role playing allows students to take risk-free positions by acting out characters in hypothetical situations. It can help them understand the range of concerns, values, and positions held by other people. Role playing is an enlightening and interesting way to help students see a problem from another perspective. What is Model Building? What is Survey? is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal that publishes papers related to the development and application of survey techniques. 4. What is Independent Study? Independent study refers to the range of instructional methods which are purposefully provided to foster the development of individual student initiative, self-reliance, and self-improvement. While independent study may be initiated by student or teacher, the focus here will be on planned independent study by students under the guidance or supervision of a classroom teacher. In addition, independent study can include learning in partnership with another individual or as part of a small group. Possible Methods Essays Computer Assisted Instruction. Journals Learning Logs Reports Learning Activity Packages Correspondence Lessons Learning Contracts Homework Research Projects Assigned Questions Learning Centers What is Essay? is generally a short piece of writing written from an author’s personal point of view, but the definition is vague, overlapping with those of an article and a short story. Essays can consist of a number of elements, including: literary criticism, political manifestos, learned arguments, observations of daily life, recollections, and reflections of the author. What is Computer Assisted Instruction? Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) refers to instruction or remediation presented on a computer. Computer programs can allow students to progress at their own pace and work individually or problem solve in a group. Computers provide immediate feedback, letting students know whether their answer is correct. If the answer is not correct, the program shows students how to correctly answer the question. Computers offer a different type of activity and a change of pace from teacher-led or group instruction. Also, computer-assisted instruction moves at the students’ pace and usually does  not move ahead until they have mastered the skill. What is Journal Writing? Journal writing is a learning tool based on the ideas that students write to learn. Students use the journals to write about topics of personal interest, to note their observations, to imagine, to wonder and to connect new information with things they already know. What are Learning Logs ? Learning logs are a simple and straightforward way to help students integrate content, process, and personal feelings. Learning logs operate from the stance that students learn from writing rather than writing what they have learned. The common application is to have students make entries in their logs during the last five minutes of class or after each completed week of class. The message here is that short, frequent bursts of writing are more productive over time than are infrequent, longer assignments. What are Reports ? Written reports are documents which present focused, salient content to a specific audience. Reports are often used to display the result of an experiment, investigation, or inquiry. The audience may be public or private, an individual or the public in general. Reports are used in government, business, education, science, and other fields. Learning Activity Packages Correspondence Lessons What are Learning Contracts ? Learning contracts provide a method of individualizing instruction and developing student responsibility. They permit individual pacing so that students may learn at the rate at which they are able to master the material. Learning contracts can be designed so that students function at the academic levels most suitable to them and work with resource materials containing concepts and knowledge that are appropriate to their abilities and experiences. Although this method focuses on the individual, learning contracts also provide an opportunity for students to work in small groups. The teacher may select this approach for some students to support them as they learn to work independently. What are Homeworks ? Refers to tasks assigned to students by their teachers to be completed outside the class. Common homework assignments may include a quantity or period of reading to be performed, writing or typing to be completed, problems to be solved, a school project to be built (such as a diorama or display), or other skills to be practiced. What is Researching? Research projects are very effective for developing and extending language arts skills as students learn in all subject areas. While doing research, students practice reading for specific purposes, recording information, sequencing and organizing ideas, and using language to inform others. A research model provides students with a framework for organizing information about a topic. Research projects frequently include these four steps: 1. determining the purpose and topic 2. gathering the information 3. organizing the information. 4. sharing knowledge. What are Assigned Questions ? Assigned questions are those prepared by the teacher to be answered by individuals or small groups of students. Students discuss their responses among one another or with the teacher. Particular positions or points-of-view should be supported by evidence. In some instances, it may be desirable for students to generate their own set of questions. What is Learning Center? There are eight basic learning centers in an early childhood/elementary classroom, according to the Stephen F. Austin State University Charter School program, each structured to expand the students’ experiences in a variety of meaningful and effective ways. Each center is constructed to encompass numerous objectives, including state and federal standards, school standards, and community standards. The learning centers approach focuses on student autonomy and learning style by giving each student an opportunity to explore his learning environment hands-on in a developmentally appropriate classroom 5. What is Interactive Instruction? Interactive instruction relies heavily on discussion and sharing among participants. Students can learn from peers and teachers to develop social skills and abilities, to organize their thoughts, and to develop rational arguments. The interactive instruction strategy allows for a range of groupings and interactive methods. It is important for the teacher to outline the topic, the amount of discussion time, the composition and size of the groups, and reporting or sharing techniques. Interactive instruction requires the refinement of observation, listening, interpersonal, and intervention skills and abilities by both teacher and students. The success of the interactive instruction strategy and its many methods is heavily dependent upon the expertise of the teacher in structuring and developing the dynamics of the group. Possible Methods Debates Role Playing Panels Brainstorming Peer Partner Learning Discussion Laboratory Groups Think, Pair, Share Cooperative Learning Jigsaw Problem Solving Structured Controversy Tutorial Groups Interviewing Conferencing What is Debating? Debating is a structured contest of argumentation in which two opposing individuals or teams defend and attack a given proposition. The procedure is bound by rules that vary based on location and participants. The process is adjudicated and a winner is declared. What is Role Playing? In role playing, students act out characters in a predefined â€Å"situation†. Role playing allows students to take risk-free positions by acting out characters in hypothetical situations. It can help them understand the range of concerns, values, and positions held by other people. Role playing is an enlightening and interesting way to help students see a problem from another perspective. What is Panelling? Panel discussions, however, differ from team presentations. Their purpose is different. In a team presentation, the group presents agreed-upon views; in a panel discussion, the purpose is to present different views. Also in a team presentations, usually speakers stand as they speak; in panel discussions, usually speakers sit the whole time. In panel discussion each speaker prepares separately, the other speakers here one another for the time at the session itself. What is Brainstorming? Brainstorming is a large or small group activity which encourages children to focus on a topic and contribute to the free flow of ideas. The teacher may begin by posing a question or a problem, or by introducing a topic. Students then express possible answers, relevant words and ideas. Contributions are accepted without criticism or judgement. Initially, some students may be reluctant to speak out in a group setting but brainstorming is an open sharing activity which encourages all children to participate. By expressing ideas and listening to what others say, students adjust their previous knowledge or understanding, accommodate new information and increase their levels of awareness. What is Peer Partner Learning? Peer partner learning is a collaborative experience in which students learn from and with each other for individual purposes. Students reflect upon previously taught material by helping peers to learn and, at the same time, develop and hone their social skills. What is Discussion ? A discussion is an oral exploration of a topic, object, concept or experience. All learners need frequent opportunities to generate and share their questions and ideas in small and whole class settings. Teachers who encourage and accept students’ questions and comments without judgement and clarify understandings by paraphrasing difficult terms stimulate the exchange of ideas. What is Laboratory Groups? What is Think, Pair, Share? Think-Pair-Share is a strategy designed to provide students with â€Å"food for thought† on a given topics enabling them to formulate individual ideas and share these ideas with another student. It is a learning strategy developed by Lyman and associates to encourage student classroom participation. Rather than using a basic recitation method in which a teacher poses a question and one student offers.

The Battle Over Process Essay Topics for College Students and How to Win It

The Battle Over Process Essay Topics for College Students and How to Win It If you recommended no urge to waste time on choosing the best argumentative and writing the entire argumentative essay from scratch, don't forget you've a loyal group of professionals by your side. Sometimes, there are various methods to perform the procedure, and the writer should think about the audience's knowledge. Ultimately, it's important to select topics that one feels comfortable to write on so you can do justice to them. There can be things you'll be looking at without knowing they will make great essay topics. 1 important thing that you ought to do when writing your essay is to allow it to be personal. Colleges can tell whenever your essay is merely a form essay. It's always really hard to ascertain a distinctive essay topic especially when you're writing an argumentative essay. Choosing topics for argumentative essays is crucial for your general success. The Characteristics of Process Essay Topics for College Students Always choose a topic that you could comfortably write about. When picking a topic, make sure that you decide on a process topic that you understand best. Anything which can be explained in an intriguing way may be fantastic topic. Deciding on an excellent topic makes it simpler to write since there's a need to set the reach of the topic that's neither too narrow nor too wide. Process Essay Topics for College Students - Is it a Scam? The process essay explains stages in a sequence, which is the reason why transitional words should be used also. After you choose the procedure you need to concentrate on, you then need to earn a list of steps necessary to attain the aims of the activity. Remember how much detail describing the procedure will require that you have. The way the structural design procedure is carried out from start to complete. Essentially, a process analysis essay is a how-to paper which should inform readers about how to do so mething and teach them essential things to do to reach specific objectives. Make certain you choose the best topic out of all process paper topics which you can think about. Don't be afraid to find some additional support to create your paper stick out! Or you might just order an expert paper from our experts! Argumentative essays are a few of the best that you can write as a student. Writing the college application essay is a difficult gig. Curriculum proposal topics is a means to try. When you apply to colleges you have chosen, you're expected to compose an essay together with the application. Colleges wish to get to learn more about you. They are not looking for perfect people. Ways To Get Funny Process Essay Topics And Ideas For Your Paper In school, whether you're taking an engineering or literature class, you must study various topics under the particular discipline your specializing in. Technology can be challenging to comprehend, particularly if you use too many t erms that might be unfamiliar to your audience. If students wish to compose an elaborate essay, they need to conduct a suitable research and execute the process themselves before actually explaining it to the reader. The student should settle on something that they're quite conversant with and will get an interest writing. Drafting a process essay can sometimes prove to be intricate and somewhat confusing for a whole lot of explanations. Once you receive an idea, the practice of writing will be much simpler. It is essential that you're keeping certain different things in mind prior to commencing the job of writing. Special attention also needs to be paid to instructions which offer clear structure that could be utilized in essay writing. Things You Won't Like About Process Essay Topics for College Students and Things You Will College is an intellectual place so attempt to convince the board that you're the correct person in their opinion. Students lead busy lives and frequent ly forget about a coming deadline. Graduate students, feel completely free round. Along with it, the possible students will likewise be able to earn payment via net banking. Ensure you make an exhaustive interpretation of each process in the most fascinating way so to capture the interest of your reader. You should select a topic that fulfills your instructor's guidelines and such that could grab the reader's interest. Also, there are a number of safety measures that they might want to warn the reader about. Also, you should know the depth of details that you will need to give to the readers. Things You Should Know About Process Essay Topics for College Students A superb way to begin a college essay writing is to write about something or somebody you admire. It's possible for you to write an essay about a specific advice which you have keep in your mind and heart. Now, the time you compose an essay might be the thing that gives it a distinctive nature. If you have the lib erty of selecting your process essay topic, describing something you're familiarized with makes everything much simpler. A proposal essay is quite easy to comprehend. It's possible for you to define a notion in your short essay. You must find decent essay topics, and the very good essay topics you should find has to be unique ones. The essay topics are categorized in various groups only for the ease of readers. The Fight Against Process Essay Topics for College Students No matter the essay, there's a particular procedure or process that you must follow to accomplish the job. How to submit an application for a study abroad program. When you haven't already mastered the process, it's going to be really hard to learn and compose all at one time. To process essay writing procedure, and there's a procedure.

Should School Violence Be Banned - 901 Words

Prabhdip Kang Mr. Shurrie Did you guys hear? About that shooting at the school? Most of you guys, thought about something different. This just goes to show you how many different shootings have happened recently. I’m not sure where to begin, but according to The Star Newspaper, there were more than 1,100 incidents of school violence in just 4 years, that’s a lot. If you were to google â€Å"school shooting† right now, you would find numerous incidents that happened just this week that happened in Canada, USA, and other countries. Now, it’s not only shootings that are considered school violence, things like rape, fighting with students and teachers, bombings, harassing others, and stabbing someone are all examples of school violence, if it happens at school. It’s considered school violence. School violence has been around forever. People get in fights all the time. You have probably seen someone get into a fight in our own school, you guys have probably seen the videos online, and heard people talking. People get injured in schools, shot, stabbed, and killed way too much. Shouldn’t school be a safe place? I believe that we need to combat the issue that is, school violence. School is made to learn. School is not made for gangs to get together. School is not for people to get stabbed. School is not for people to be bullied. School is meant to be safe. School violence causes people to be injured or dead, it causes students grades to drop and students not to feel safe, and causesShow MoreRelatedUnbann Catching Fire Essay example700 Words   |  3 PagesBanned books are books to which free access is not allowed. The practice of banning books is a method of book censorship, and often has political, religious or moral motivations. Catching fire the second book in the hunger games trilogy. The book is banned and I believe that is shouldn’t be banned. The reasons are it has excessive violence, causes nightmares in children, and some believe is anti-ethnic. I think Catching fire shouldn’t be banned because the book teaches a lesson to never give upRead MoreAnalysis Of Stephen Ch bosky s The Catcher Rye And F. Scott Fitzgerald And Tennessee Williams1460 Words   |  6 Pagesborn in August†(Thompson 3).The Perks of Being a Wallflower is an epistolary novel that follows an intellectual and emotional maturation of a teenager who uses the alias of Charlie over the course of his first year of high school. The Perks of Being a Wallflower was banned because parent complained about the books decpetion of homosexualtiy, sex, masturbation, and the use of alcohol and drugs. Elizabeth Thompson stated â€Å" 2. The Perks of Being a Wallflower is the only controversial book that StephenRead MoreThe Catcher Of The Rye By William Shakespeare And Mark Twain1732 Words   |  7 Pages Books are banned because of the whole book in general or sometimes even for a single word or because the cover seems to suggest an offensive subject matter. Censors not only try to ban â€Å"dirty books† but they try to ban classics as well. Many classic writers such as William Shakespeare and Mark Twain have had their work attacked by censors as well as contemporary writers such as Annie Dillard and Alice Walker. Even books like dictionaries, travel guides, and Bibles have been banned (â€Å"If You ThinkRead More Guns and Violence Essay1548 Words   |  7 PagesGuns and violence have some long lasting effects on not only the crime rate, but the rights that people have to own guns themselves. Even though the violence is a factor in why many believe that guns should be banned, guns should be allowed and not banned because they should be allowed because of the laws and the rights of citizens allow them there rights. The ethics and laws that occur with the current and enduring debates are another meaningful point. As Supreme Court Cases rage on about how aRead MoreShould Guns Be Banned From College University Campuses?901 Words   |  4 PagesGuns on Campus Gun violence seems to be at an all-time high in current times. I feel that this is due to so many people carrying guns. The safety of all people should be the focus of our society now. I believe that all firearms should be banned from college/university campuses. This is the most important area to focus on. There are several reasons why allowing guns on college and university campuses could be dangerous to people. First, access to gun seems to lead to an escalation of violentRead MoreBanning Violent Video Games On Children1545 Words   |  7 Pagescontent† (Violent...Young People 1). Another investigation showed that over half of the games the ESRB rates contain violence, and over 90% of those games are evaluated acceptable for people over the age of 10 (Violent...Young People 1). These violent video games contribute to aggressive behavior, bullying, and recently spotlighted school shootings. Many believe these games should be banned for children and teens. Critics say that these games give adolescents a way to vent out their anger and frustrationsRead MoreThe Outsiders Should Not Be Banned1388 Words   |  6 PagesThe Outsiders English teachers in middle schools and high schools have been through many debates over the years on whether or not a certain book should be taught to students in  United States public schooling systems. The Outsiders, is a book that should not be on the list of banned books. Believe it or not the book has been banned from schools and libraries. The Outsiders should not be banned because it provides valuable life lessons involving loyalty. Books like this one, that involve gang membersRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Books976 Words   |  4 PagesThe books that are banned are the ones that define our past. Book censorship is when the government or a school bans a book because of its depiction to the reader. Book banning is becoming more prevalent as the years have gone by because there are more parents that want to protect their children. Book banning is an extremely important topic because it is shielding young people’s knowledge of what the world truly is. This is a problem because when kids are finally on their own they might not be readyRead MoreThe Issue Of Guns On Campus953 Words   |  4 Pagesan all-time high in current times. I feel that this is due to so many people carrying guns. The safety of all people should be the focus of our society now. One area we really need to not allow firearms on campuses. This is only one area to focus on. There are several reason why allowing guns on colleges campuses and universities could be dangerous to people. First, gun violence seems to lead to an escalation of violent crime. The percentage of students that could be robbed on their way to classRead MoreThe Moms Demand Action Organization970 Words   |  4 Pagesspreading awareness of increasing gun violence involving children in the country. Though pro 2nd Amendment, The organization s goal is to not only promote awareness of gun violence involving children, but to hopefully create a movement demand legislation to control certain assault weapons that have been used to commit mass crime sprees. One of the organizations most specific and effective ads involves two school children holding two different objects that have been banned for their safety. One is a dodgeball

The History of Tobacco and How It Effects Our Lives Essay

Tobacco The word tobacco was originally derived from Tabaco, the Spanish word for taino (Carson 1). In the first century, American Indians began using tobacco in many ways, including religion and medicine (â€Å"History of Tobacco† 1). Taino was what the Natives in America called tobacco rolls. When Columbus arrived in the West Indies, he found inhabitants smoking rolls of tobacco, called taino (Carson 1). He was offered dried tobacco leaves as a gift from the natives (â€Å"History of Tobacco† 1). The natives believed that ‘drinking smoke’, or the act of smoking taino, was relaxing. Columbus took seeds from the tobacco plants and the Spanish colonies began cultivating the plant in large quantities. The first time tobacco was commercially†¦show more content†¦Pro-tobacco marketing more than doubles the chances of teens to start smoking (â€Å"Tobacco Industry Marketing† 2). Since millions of people smoke, many teams perceive it as an act th at is not harmful. Also, many teens consider smoking an act of rebellion; a way to get back at someone or something (Ayer 15-17). About 23 percent of all high school students currently smoke. About 80 percent of adult smokers started smoking before their 18th birthday, and 4,000 teens try smoking for the first time a day. Of these 4,000 teens, around 1,000 of them will become regular smokers (â€Å"Nicotine Dependence Center† 5). False advertising to minors implies that it is possible to quit smoking at any given time (Tobacco Industry Marketing† 2). Since the bodies of teens are still growing, tobacco is the most harmful to them (Ayer 22). Smoking at an earlier age also makes it harder for teens to quit (â€Å"Tobacco Industry Marketing† 1). As the American Lung Association explains, â€Å"†¦ tobacco company marketing efforts are largely occurring without an effective, well-funded state tobacco control program to respond† (1). Throughout the years, m en have been advertised cigarettes in many different ways. In the last 100 years, tobacco has been socially promoted through media such as movies, television, and advertisement (Carson 3). Although not all tobacco advertisements are unethical, adsShow MoreRelatedEssay Cash Crop: The Silent Killer847 Words   |  4 Pagesbecome the root of all evil in our society. Money actually propagates inequality because of the selfishness it promotes in humanity. Tobacco Companies’ love of money causes them to continue to promote and sell tobacco products even though these products are excessively harmful to their customers. During advertising campaigns, tobacco advertisers research people most likely to use their product and target that audience by mentioning the positives of using tobacco. Tobacco companies attempt to sell theirRead MoreWhy Marijuana Should Be Legalized Essay1605 Words   |  7 PagesTable of Contents I. Introduction to Cannabis II. The History of Marijuana III. The Prohibition IV. Economic Benefits of Legalizing Marijuana V. The Medical Benefits of Marijuana VI. Marijuana vs. Alcohol and Tobacco VII. Marijuana Stimulates Creativity and Brain Cell Growth VIII. Conclusion Should marijuana be legalized for recreational and medical purposes? Thesis: Since marijuana is not harshly dangerous to one’s health nor is it a hard narcotic, it should beRead MoreMy Experience At The Pharmacy Museum796 Words   |  4 Pagesfar from planned. I knew that I wanted to find a profession which I could find self fulfilling. So, one could say I knew as much about pharmacy and its history as an average person. I’ve always imagined that pharmacy and the entire profession as a whole was relatively modern. In other words, I never really took pharmacy as a profession with a history. I’ve always thought that pharmacy and medicine, as one, essentially made its largest strides with the technology boom of the 21st century. During myRead MoreAnalysis Of Wolfgang Schivelbuschs Tastes Of Paradise1075 Words   |  5 PagesIn this book, Tastes of Paradise, Wolfgang Schivelbusch, takes us through the history of the most familiar substances used in the central ages such as tobacco, tea, alcohol, opium, coffee and chocolate. Schivelb usch talks about how those substances have been first introduce to the Western nations and the way they have become acquainted and how they affected the festive shape of these international locations. It doesn’t really talk about the substances themselves, but instead their conversable relyRead More Using Nazi Tactics Against Smokers936 Words   |  4 Pagesmarriages during the 1920s one of the spouses was Gentile. During World War I, Jewish-American publications were investigated and prosecuted by the U.S. Government for writing favorably about Germany, a nation at war with the U.S. Much of German history has been one of racial toleration. 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NotRead Moreâ€Å"Cigarettes† A Death Product of Tobacco Industry should be Banned1544 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Cigarettes† A Death Product of Tobacco Industry should be Banned In the present age smoking cigarettes has emerged out as a fashion, especially in our teenagers. Quiet often, a boy or a girl can be seen puffing around on streets proudly. Their parents try their best to refrain them, yet all in vain. They are unaware of the possibility that most will find it very hard to give up this addiction. Alike the young, adults smoke far too often for a reasonable human being, indifferent to the consequencesRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1315 Words   |  6 Pagesstates while alcohol and tobacco continues to claim thousands of lives every year (n.d). Don’t get the wrong idea, this is not to persuade you into thinking that smoking weed or eating a marijuana brownie does not have its disadvantages. However the idea is to get you to understand and see that smoking marijuana is no difference than choosing to smoke tobacco or drink alcohol. Why have marijuana been labeled such a bad drug when the effects of the available and legal tobacco and alco hol, continuesRead MoreGlobalization And The Global Tobacco Industry1634 Words   |  7 PagesAuthor Peter Benson’s ethnography Tobacco Capitalism: Growers, Migrant Workers, and the Changing Face of a Global Industry, provides and extensive examination into the lives of tobacco famers residing in North Carolina and the global tobacco industry as it undergoes profound changes though facets such as globalization, industrialization, the anti-tobacco movement, and debates over immigration. The seventh most valuable agricultural commodity in the United States; tobacco is a $1.5 billion dollar industryRead MoreCigarette Smoking Should Not Be Banned1528 Words   |  7 PagesShould cigarette smoking be banned for everyone in the United States? Why? Why not? Should those who chose their time smoking to relieve stress, personal enjoyment, or simply just because, have to lose their right to what makes them happy? Smoking tobacco products has been around for decades and in many differe nt forms. Should personal rights be pushed aside to please those around us that disagree with the so called â€Å"disgusting habit†? In the paper The Washington Times an article caught my interest

Essay on Marketing Strategies Free Essays

http://www. intel. com/jobs/careers/marketing/ http://blog. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay on Marketing Strategies or any similar topic only for you Order Now hubspot. com/blog/tabid/6307/bid/5256/Sales-Vs-Marketing-Whose-Job-is-it-to-Generate-Leads. aspx Content:  The decision content includes market opportunity analysis, brand development, advertising, pricing and basic sales force management decisions. It also includes a simplified profit analysis. Decisions by Quarter Quarter 1: Setup your company, evaluate market opportunities and prepare for test market. †¢ Determine desired image of company Designate a company name †¢ Analyze market opportunities—evaluate segments, geographic markets, and potential competition – Evaluate market survey results in End User Profile †¢ Establish corporate goals and strategic direction – Select target segment – Establish strategic direction †¢ Select test markets – Open sales office Quarter 2: Go to market to test your strategy and market assumptions. †¢ Create customer value—match components to benefits desired (quality function deplo yment (QFD)) – Design 1 or 2 brands Marketing strategy—evaluate tactical options and choose marketing mix – Brand price – Price promotions – Sales priority †¢ Develop media plan and budget—ad copy design, media selection, and ad frequency – Place advertisements in media †¢ Sales force management—number employed, and training – Hire salespeople assign to service or target segments – Open new sales office (optional) Quarter 3: Evaluate test market performance and revise your strategy, become a learning organization. †¢ Evaluate performance – Financial performance—profitability analysis Market performance—customer opinion of brand designs, prices, advertising, and sales force – Competitor tactics—segments targeted and selection of marketing tactics †¢ Revise marketing tactics as needed and continue test marketing Quarter 4: Evaluate your position in the market an d adjust your strategy. †¢ Evaluate performance – Financial performance—profitability analysis – Market performance—customer opinion of brand designs, prices, advertising, and sales force – Competitor tactics—segments targeted and selection of marketing tactics †¢ Adjust strategy—make incremental changes in tactics use activity based costing (ABC) to evaluate profitability of brands – evaluate profitability of division – conduct demand analysis to estimate brand, price, advertising, and sales force elasticity Quarter 5: Monitor, improve, and execute. †¢ Evaluate performance – Financial performance—profitability analysis – Market performance—customer opinion of brand designs, prices, advertising, and sales force – Competitor tactics—segments targeted and selection of marketing tactics †¢ Skillfully adjust strategy †¢ Improve brands, pricing, and sales forc e Quarter 6: Monitor, improve, and execute (continue). †¢ Manage strategy †¢ Skillfully adjust strategy to unanticipated competitive moves †¢ Continuously improve brand features, pricing, and sales force Final Quarter: Report to the board. †¢ Evaluation of financial and market performance †¢ Review of business – Comparison of actions taken against your marketing goals – Review of significant events that affected the company and/or market †¢ Assessment of current situation and market (Also, how is the current market different than it was in the early quarters? ) – Customers Competition – Company strengths and weaknesses – Major problems/opportunities to be dealt with in next year http://marketing. about. com/ Marketing  Careers By  Laura Lake, About. com Guide A career in marketing can take you in several different directions. Marketing is comprised of many facets and activities. You will find that there are many oppor tunities in marketing, is there a career path that is right for you? Explore the different career opportunities and decide which one fits you best. 1. Overview of Careers in Marketing 2. Careers in Advertising 3. Careers in Brand Management . Careers in Market Research 5. Careers in Public Relations Overview of Careers in Marketing There are many options to careers in marketing, but how do you know which one is right for you? Marketing can be defined as being the intermediary function between product development and sales. Think of it as the storehouse for such things as advertising, public relations, media planning, sales strategy, and more. It’s the marketing professionals job to create, manage, and enhance brands. †¢ Breaking Into the Career Field of Marketing †¢ Marketing vs. Advertising: What’s the Difference? How Do You Know if a Marketing Career is Right for You? Ads Careers in Advertising In Advertising you will work with all aspects of marketing from strategy to concept to the execution of the strategy. You will find that most jobs on the business side of advertising include Account Management, Account Planners, and Media Buyers. †¢ Advertising Manager †¢ Advertising Sales Director †¢ Account Executive †¢ Account Coordinator †¢ Media Director †¢ Media Coordinator †¢ Media Buyer Careers in Brand Management Brand management is the career track you hear about most often. It is the key function in the consumer products industry. Brand managers are often likened to small business owners because they assume responsibility for a brand or brand family. They are always focused on the big picture. It is their job to distill the brand’s essence, map out their competitors in their brand’s category, identify marketing opportunities, and be able to effectively communicate the unique benefits of that product or service. †¢ Brand Manager †¢ Product Manager †¢ Product Development Manager Careers in Market Research Market Research involves researching the intended target. That target can be companies or individuals. In order for a company to capture a market it must first be able to understand that market. Research involves the first process of understanding the consumer, what their needs are, what their purchasing habits are, and how they view themselves in relation to the rest of the world. †¢ Market Research Director †¢ Market Research Manager †¢ Market Research Supervisor †¢ Market Analyst Careers in Public Relations It is the responsibility of the Public relations department to manage the communication with the media, consumers, employees, investors, and the general public. They are considered the spokespeople for the company. They will often write press releases to promote new products or to keep the investment community informed of business partnerships, financial results, or other company news. If they are based out of media relations they will spend their time responding to information requests from journalist or pitch stories to the media. †¢ Public Relations Specialist †¢ Public Relations Director †¢ Corporate Communications Manager †¢ Book Publicist †¢ Press Secretary How to cite Essay on Marketing Strategies, Essay examples

Post Plowden Legacy Essay Example For Students

Post Plowden Legacy Essay FOUNDATION COURSE THEMES BAES Year 1Subject: Primary Education Post Plowden LegacyTutor: Alastair HorburyAssignment: Critique of given text Chapter 6, Pupils at Work.Due: Mon 14 Nov 94INTRODUCTIONThe task assigned was to read all six chapters provided, select one and produce a critique on the subject matter. The chapter selected was number six which analysed pupils and work.Firstly I wish to briefly summarise the entire chapter, highlighting the areas which I considered to be the most important, these areas will then be examined in depth and their merits or shortcomings discussed. Firstly a summary of the chapter is needed to put into context the areas that will be discussed later. The whole chapter can be split into two main areas of discourse:- relationships and work and negotiation. As there has been little research into pupils approaches to schoolwork, the authors chief concern is that of the pupils perceptions of , and approaches to, schoolwork, and the first point s/he makes is that there are differences between teachers and pupils ideas of what constitutes worthwhile work. The author sets out to define the meaning of work and in doing so draws our attention to differences between pleasurable work and labour. Workmanship, it is argued, has been replaced by unskilled labour and people now work as a means to an end seeking enjoyment through other avenues such as hobbies and recreation.Teaching methods and school ethos in general are seen as outmoded and alien to the cultural and social influences on pupils. Therefore, there is greater responsibility on the teacher to make work seem more utilitarian and attractive. Research revealed that many pupils felt that work was pointless and invalid unless it was undertaken in preparation for forthcoming exams. However, w ork that may be deemed pointless or onerous by both sets of pupils (exam and non-exam) could be given validity by the teaching strategy employed. Pupils seemed to be more concerned with the status of the work and their personal relationship with the teacher, therefore the pupil reaction to any given task depended heavily on these two criteria. It is identified that pupil-teacher relationships are extremely important and they contain many concealed aspects which will be discussed in Part 1. A prevalent feature of pupil-teacher relationships is the negotiation that takes place and teachers will offer incentives to pupils in order to encourage the process of work. It is interesting to look at the way in which teachers can utilise their experience and maturity to manipulate or cajole pupils into performing a given task, and this will be examined in Part 2. PART 1 RELATIONSHIPS WORKThe first key issue in this chapter that I wish to examine is that of pupil relationships with teachers, and how they affect classroom behaviour and the amount of work produced. I mentioned earlier that because of deep-rooted cultural influences many adults regard work to hold little or no satisfaction, and this notion permeates through to their children. This notion combined with pupils own perception of themselves as having to be forced to work creates an arduous environment for the teacher. However, it must be said that work that is found unpleasurable to pupils is often that of the purely academic type which does not permit any creative license. Although academic work is of far more value, teachers often find themselves having to offer incentives or punishment in order to motivate pupils whereas the work with little or no academic value is seen, generally, as enjoyable i.e games and arts. The author places great emphasis on trust. S/he asserts that many children cannot foresee the long-term advantages of doing work in schools and that many simply believe or disbelieve the teacher when s/he says it will be of benefit.. The point made may be valid but perhaps only in primary schools. I propose that in todays secondary school this idea has very little bearing and children are now more acutely aware than ever before of social and econ omic factors that dictate the need to do well in school. In some respects certain aspects of the authors argument are negated, those pupils who can foresee the need to do well have their own motivation, and negotiation and relationships are less important. .u74456b12668127730dd2e9c1c8f129b5 , .u74456b12668127730dd2e9c1c8f129b5 .postImageUrl , .u74456b12668127730dd2e9c1c8f129b5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u74456b12668127730dd2e9c1c8f129b5 , .u74456b12668127730dd2e9c1c8f129b5:hover , .u74456b12668127730dd2e9c1c8f129b5:visited , .u74456b12668127730dd2e9c1c8f129b5:active { border:0!important; } .u74456b12668127730dd2e9c1c8f129b5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u74456b12668127730dd2e9c1c8f129b5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u74456b12668127730dd2e9c1c8f129b5:active , .u74456b12668127730dd2e9c1c8f129b5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u74456b12668127730dd2e9c1c8f129b5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u74456b12668127730dd2e9c1c8f129b5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u74456b12668127730dd2e9c1c8f129b5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u74456b12668127730dd2e9c1c8f129b5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u74456b12668127730dd2e9c1c8f129b5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u74456b12668127730dd2e9c1c8f129b5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u74456b12668127730dd2e9c1c8f129b5 .u74456b12668127730dd2e9c1c8f129b5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u74456b12668127730dd2e9c1c8f129b5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Down Syndrome: An Informative EssayHaving said that, to those pupils who do not possess such foresight the building up of relationships and the constant negotiation processes are an essential part of their schooling. Anecdotal evidence as well as secondary research support the idea that pupils work better for those teachers they actually like.Whether a teacher is liked or disliked by his pupils is dependant upon many factors. For instance the teachers personal outlook does s/he even want to be liked?, do s/he care?, are they simply interested in meeting targets? If the teachers personal motivation is lacklustre then how are pupils to be motivated? Ideally, teachers would be able to identify the different levels of motivation among their pupils and build relationships accordingly. This, however, is not a realistic goal and much valuable class time can be spent chastising, persuading and offering incentives. Of course there is a danger that a teacher may become too preoccupied with the establishment of relationships and other areas such discipline may be ignored. The points above are interesting but we are chiefly concerned with those teachers who are motivated and use negotiation as a means of encouraging pupils to work, and I now wish to look at these negotiation processes in a little more depth. PART 2 WORK NEGOTIATIONOne of the most interesting points made in the chapter is that of the collusion often formed by teachers and pupils against a higher authority, this higher authority could be the headmaster for instance. This type of collusion could be of extreme value to teachers in forming relationships and as a way of getting pupils on side, as well as relinquishing any responsibility for the type of work and the amount required. With the majority of the blame lying at the feet of a higher authority the teacher could begin to build a system of almost conspiratory negotiation based on reciprocity you scratch my back and Ill scratch yours. Let us look at the authors idea of negotiation. Firstly s/he identifies four experiences that typified the pupils in his/her study school. The four categories are thus;- hard work, open negotiation, closed negotiation and work avoidance. The two extremes of the categories are self-explanatory, hard work being total pupil commitment and work avoidance being not only a total lack of commitment, but also a conscious and resourceful effort to avoid participating in any school workMost pupils are to be found in the two middle categories of open and closed negotiation and as such teachers must become keen negotiators if they are to succeed. It should be pointed out that control must be the predominant feature within negotiation teachers must dictate the concessions that are to be made.The authors open negotiation idea consists of the teacher and pupils making certain concessions, and is dependant to a large extent on mutual goodwill and a congenial atmosphere within the classroom. It is a n activity in which both pupil and teacher participate and each party bargains for what they perceive to be the better deal. The basic idea being that a teacher will permit a certain amount of digression in return for a certain amount of work, and the class hold the general consensus that this is acceptable. I have used the word general because in the next paragraph I wish to look at those pupils who do not subscribe to the general consensus and are typified as closed negotiation pupils. Another interesting point made was that a predominant feature in those teachers who were more liked by their pupils was the fact that they often included games into the work. The author concludes that games humanised the work and made it vastly more enjoyable. In a perfect world teacher and pupil would be in complete harmony and all decisions made about the type and amount of work to be done would be completely unanimous. However, in reality a teacher who uses negotiation must submit to the general consensus. What, then, of the pupils who have not concurred with the general consensus but are still forced to go along with it? The author typifies these pupils as being in the closed negotiation category. This category of pupils will flourish further if the teacher is not prepared to negotiate, and within this teacher dictated atmosphere the counter-productive and unruly element of pupils will come into being. CONCLUSIONBy drawing together the main points made in this critique it is apparent that pupils perceptions of the validity of the work they are undertaking is of paramount importance.Teachers must strive to make work less alien and more relevant to the pupils social perspective and this can be achieved in several ways. Collusion, as well as a system of negotiation and concessions could be used in order to overcome pupils natural recalcitrance.Teachers must care enough to become diagnosticians of their classes on the whole as well as identifying individual pupil needs. Of cou rse the needs of the many outweigh the needs of the few, but if teachers understand the needs of the few it will empower them in the negotiation process. .ua1575b3ee95d98eeddfb46d423e1c933 , .ua1575b3ee95d98eeddfb46d423e1c933 .postImageUrl , .ua1575b3ee95d98eeddfb46d423e1c933 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua1575b3ee95d98eeddfb46d423e1c933 , .ua1575b3ee95d98eeddfb46d423e1c933:hover , .ua1575b3ee95d98eeddfb46d423e1c933:visited , .ua1575b3ee95d98eeddfb46d423e1c933:active { border:0!important; } .ua1575b3ee95d98eeddfb46d423e1c933 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua1575b3ee95d98eeddfb46d423e1c933 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua1575b3ee95d98eeddfb46d423e1c933:active , .ua1575b3ee95d98eeddfb46d423e1c933:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua1575b3ee95d98eeddfb46d423e1c933 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua1575b3ee95d98eeddfb46d423e1c933 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua1575b3ee95d98eeddfb46d423e1c933 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua1575b3ee95d98eeddfb46d423e1c933 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua1575b3ee95d98eeddfb46d423e1c933:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua1575b3ee95d98eeddfb46d423e1c933 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua1575b3ee95d98eeddfb46d423e1c933 .ua1575b3ee95d98eeddfb46d423e1c933-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua1575b3ee95d98eeddfb46d423e1c933:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Daddy 2 EssayCategory: English